Term IRI Term label Parent term IRI Parent term label Alternative term Definition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000477 partial least square weight http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000027 data item PLS weight PLS weight (or Partial Least Square weight) is a information content entity which is generated when performing a Partial Least Square analysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000690 area under the value-time curve http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000209 area under curve area under the value-by-time curve An area under the curve where the curve is the repeated measures of a variable over time and the domain of interest is time. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000580 looking up a centrally registered identifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000011 planned process looking up a CRID A planned process in which a request to a CRID registry is made to return the information associated with a CRID symbol http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000005 objective specification http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000033 directive information entity goal specification a directive information entity that describes an intended process endpoint. When part of a plan specification the concretization is realized in a planned process in which the bearer tries to effect the world so that the process endpoint is achieved. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000027 data item http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000030 information content entity data a data item is an information content entity that is intended to be a truthful statement about something (modulo, e.g., measurement precision or other systematic errors) and is constructed/acquired by a method which reliably tends to produce (approximately) truthful statements. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000035 obsolete_study interpretation http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#ObsoleteClass Obsolete Class conclusion A study interpretation is a textual entity about the implications of a study result. Examples include discussion of whether a hypothesis is false, whether the study failed to address the hypothesis, and whether the study results have led to new hypotheses http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000132 lot number http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000028 symbol batch number A lot number is an information content entity which is an identical sequence of character borne by part of manufactured product or its packaging for each instances of a product class in a discrete batch of an item. Lot numbers are usually assigned to each separate production run of an item. Manufacturing as a lot might be due to a variety of reasons, for example, a single process during which many individuals are made from the same portion of source material. Lot numbers can be encoded in a pattern of other information objects, such as bar codes, numerals, or patterns of dots. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000184 scatter plot http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000038 graph scattergraph A scatterplot is a graph which uses Cartesian coordinates to display values for two variables for a set of data. The data is displayed as a collection of points, each having the value of one variable determining the position on the horizontal axis and the value of the other variable determining the position on the vertical axis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000300 textual entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000030 information content entity text A textual entity is a part of a manifestation (FRBR sense), a generically dependent continuant whose concretizations are patterns of glyphs intended to be interpreted as words, formulas, etc. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000312 publication about an investigation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000311 publication scientific publication A publication that is about an investigation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000316 introduction to a publication about an investigation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000314 document part background A part of a publication about an investigation that is about the objective specification (why the investigation is being done) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000317 methods section http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000314 document part methods A part of a publication about an investigation that is about the study design of the investigation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000318 results section http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000314 document part results A part of a publication about an investigation that is about a study design execution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000319 discussion section of a publication about an investigation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000314 document part discussion A part of a publication about an investigation that is about the study interpretation of the investigation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000323 author contributions section http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000314 document part contributions by the authors A part of a publication that is about the specific contributions of each author http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000324 acknowledgements section http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000314 document part acknowledgments Part of a publication that is about the contributions of people or institutions other than the authors. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000325 footnote http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000314 document part endnote A part of a document that is about a specific other part of the document. Usually footnotes are spatially segregated from the rest of the document. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000326 supplementary material to a document http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000314 document part supporting information part of a document that is segregated from the rest of the document due to its size http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000573 line graph http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000038 graph line chart A line graph is a type of graph created by connecting a series of data points together with a line. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000574 assigning a centrally registered identifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000011 planned process assigning a CRID a planned process in which a new CRID is created, associated with an entity, and stored in the CRID registry thereby registering it as being associated with some entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000575 associating information with a centrally registered identifier in its registry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000011 planned process associating information with a CRID in the CRID registry A planned process in which a CRID registry associates an information content entity with a CRID symbol http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000577 centrally registered identifier symbol http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000028 symbol CRID symbol A symbol that is part of a CRID and that is sufficient to look up a record from the CRID's registry. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000578 centrally registered identifier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000030 information content entity CRID An information content entity that consists of a CRID symbol and additional information about the CRID registry to which it belongs. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000579 centrally registered identifier registry http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000100 data set CRID registry A CRID registry is a dataset of CRID records, each consisting of a CRID symbol and additional information which was recorded in the dataset through a assigning a centrally registered identifier process. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000584 time sampled measurement data set http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000100 data set experimental time series A data set that is an aggregate of data recording some measurement at a number of time points. The time series data set is an ordered list of pairs of time measurement data and the corresponding measurement data acquired at that time. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000070 assay http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000011 planned process scientific observation A planned process with the objective to produce information about the material entity that is the evaluant, by physically examining it or its proxies. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000086 reagent role http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000023 role reagent A role inhering in a biological or chemical entity that is intended to be applied in a scientific technique to participate (or have molecular components that participate) in a chemical reaction that facilitates the generation of data about some entity distinct from the bearer, or the generation of some specified material output distinct from the bearer. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000011 planned process material transformation A planned process which results in physical changes in a specified input material http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000250 dye role http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/REO_0000171 molecular label role dye A molecular label role which inheres in a material entity and which is realized in the process of detecting a molecular dye that imparts color to some material of interest. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000423 extract http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000047 processed material extracted material an extract is a material entity which results from an extraction process http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000424 transcription profiling assay http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000443 analyte assay gene expression profiling An assay which aims to provide information about gene expression and transcription activity using ribonucleic acids collected from a material entity using a range of techniques and instrument such as DNA sequencers, DNA microarrays, Northern Blot http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000435 genotyping assay http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000443 analyte assay genotype profiling, SNP genotyping an assay which generates data about a genotype from a specimen of genomic DNA. A variety of techniques and instruments can be used to produce information about sequence variation at particular genomic positions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000456 material transformation objective http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000005 objective specification artifact creation objective an objective specifiction that creates an specific output object from input materials. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000648 clustered data set http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000100 data set data set with assigned discovered class labels A data set that is produced as the output of a class discovery data transformation and consists of a data set with assigned discovered class labels. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000659 specimen collection process http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000011 planned process specimen collection A planned process with the objective of collecting a specimen. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000674 center value http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000152 quartile median A data item that is produced as the output of a center calculation data transformation and represents the center value of the input data. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000675 statistical hypothesis test objective http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200166 data transformation objective hypothesis test objective is a data transformation objective where the aim is to estimate statistical significance with the aim of proving or disproving a hypothesis by means of some data transformation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000679 average value http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000029 measure of central tendency arithmetic mean A data item that is produced as the output of an averaging data transformation and represents the average value of the input data. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000722 paired-end library http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000047 processed material paired-end tag (PET) library is a collection of short paired tags from the two ends of DNA fragments are extracted and covalently linked as ditag constructs http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000727 k-nearest neighbors http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200175 class discovery data transformation k-NN A k-nearest neighbors is a data transformation which achieves a class discovery or partitioning objective, in which an input data object with vector y is assigned to a class label based upon the k closest training data set points to y; where k is the largest value that class label is assigned. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000736 single fragment library http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000047 processed material fragment library is a collection of short tags from DNA fragments, are extracted and covalently linked as single tag constructs http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000739 Student's t-test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000673 statistical test hypothesis t-test Studen't t-test is a data transformation with the objective of a statistical hypothesis test in which the test statistic has a Student's t distribution if the null hypothesis is true. It is applied when the population is assumed to be normally distributed but the sample sizes are small enough that the statistic on which inference is based is not normally distributed because it relies on an uncertain estimate of standard deviation rather than on a precisely known value. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000747 material sample http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100051 specimen sample population A material entity that has the material sample role http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000750 study design independent variable http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000258 variable independent variable a directive information entity that is part of a study design. Independent variables are entities whose values are selected to determine its relationship to an observed phenomenon (the dependent variable). In such an experiment, an attempt is made to find evidence that the values of the independent variable determine the values of the dependent variable (that which is being measured). The independent variable can be changed as required, and its values do not represent a problem requiring explanation in an analysis, but are taken simply as given. The dependent variable on the other hand, usually cannot be directly controlled http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000751 study design dependent variable http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000258 variable dependent variable dependent variable specification is part of a study design. The dependent variable is the event studied and expected to change when the independent variable varies. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000791 multiple testing correction objective http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200186 error correction objective multiple comparison correction objective A multiple testing correction objectives is a data transformation objective where the aim is to correct for a set of statistical inferences considered simultaneously http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000938 categorical measurement datum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000109 measurement datum nominal mesurement datum A measurement datum that is reported on a categorical scale http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000047 processed material instrument A material entity that is designed to perform a function in a scientific investigation, but is not a reagent. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001143 labeled nucleic acid extract http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000924 labeled specimen labeled extract a labeled specimen that is the output of a labeling process and has grain labeled nucleic acid for detection of the nucleic acid in future experiments. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001271 RNA-seq assay http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0600047 sequencing assay transcription profiling by high throughput sequencing An assay in which sequencing technology (e.g. Solexa/454) is used to generate RNA sequence, analyse the transcibed regions of the genome, and or to quantitate transcript abundance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001442 q-value http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000662 error corrected data set FDR adjusted p-value A quantitative confidence value that measures the minimum false discovery rate that is incurred when calling that test significant. To compute q-values, it is necessary to know the p-value produced by a test and possibly set a false discovery rate level. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001479 specimen from organism http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100051 specimen tissue specimen A specimen that derives from an anatomical part or substance arising from an organism. Examples of tissue specimen include tissue, organ, physiological system, blood, or body location (arm). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001755 selection criterion http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000033 directive information entity selection rule A directive information entity which defines and states a principle of standard by which selection process may take place. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100060 cultured cell population http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000047 processed material cell culture sample A processed material comprised of a collection of cultured cells that has been continuously maintained together in culture and shares a common propagation history. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200000 data transformation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000011 planned process data processing A planned process that produces output data from input data. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200050 dimensionality reduction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200175 class discovery data transformation data projection A dimensionality reduction is data partitioning which transforms each input m-dimensional vector (x_1, x_2, ..., x_m) into an output n-dimensional vector (y_1, y_2, ..., y_n), where n is smaller than m. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200051 principal components analysis dimensionality reduction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200050 dimensionality reduction pca data reduction A principal components analysis dimensionality reduction is a dimensionality reduction achieved by applying principal components analysis and by keeping low-order principal components and excluding higher-order ones. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200073 family wise error rate correction method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200089 multiple testing correction method FWER correction A family wise error rate correction method is a multiple testing procedure that controls the probability of at least one false positive. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200083 survival analysis objective http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200166 data transformation objective survival analysis A data transformation objective which has the data transformation aims to model time to event data (where events are e.g. death and or disease recurrence); the purpose of survival analysis is to model the underlying distribution of event times and to assess the dependence of the event time on other explanatory variables http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200089 multiple testing correction method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000668 error correction data transformation multiple testing procedure A multiple testing correction method is a hypothesis test performed simultaneously on M > 1 hypotheses. Multiple testing procedures produce a set of rejected hypotheses that is an estimate for the set of false null hypotheses while controlling for a suitably define Type I error rate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200111 data visualization http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000011 planned process data encoding as image An planned process that creates images, diagrams or animations from the input data. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200154 agglomerative hierarchical clustering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200042 hierarchical clustering bottom-up hierarchical clustering An agglomerative hierarchical clustering is a hierarchical clustering which starts with separate clusters and then successively combines these clusters until there is only one cluster remaining. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200155 divisive hierarchical clustering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200042 hierarchical clustering top-down hierarchical clustering A divisive hierarchical clustering is a hierarchical clustering which starts with a single cluster and then successively splits resulting clusters until only clusters of individual objects remain. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200163 false discovery rate correction method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200089 multiple testing correction method FDR correction method The false discovery rate is a data transformation used in multiple hypothesis testing to correct for multiple comparisons. It controls the expected proportion of incorrectly rejected null hypotheses (type I errors) in a list of rejected hypotheses. It is a less conservative comparison procedure with greater power than familywise error rate (FWER) control, at a cost of increasing the likelihood of obtaining type I errors. . http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200175 class discovery data transformation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200000 data transformation unsupervised classification data transformation A class discovery data transformation (sometimes called unsupervised classification) is a data transformation that has objective class discovery. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200178 class discovery objective http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200166 data transformation objective clustering objective A class discovery objective (sometimes called unsupervised classification) is a data transformation objective where the aim is to organize input data (typically vectors of attributes) into classes, where the number of classes and their specifications are not known a priori. Depending on usage, the class assignment can be definite or probabilistic. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200201 ANOVA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000279 between group comparison statistical test Analysis of Variance ANOVA or analysis of variance is a data transformation in which a statistical test of whether the means of several groups are all equal. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0400043 flow cell http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000967 container flow_cell Aparatus in the fluidic subsystem where the sheath and sample meet. Can be one of several types; jet-in-air, quartz cuvette, or a hybrid of the two. The sample flows through the center of a fluid column of sheath fluid in the flow cell. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0400148 DNA microarray http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0400147 microarray DNA-array A DNA-microarray is a microarray that is used as a physical 2D immobilisation matrix for DNA sequences. DNA microarray-bound DNA fragments are used as targets for a hybridising probed sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0500000 study design http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000104 plan specification experimental design A plan specification comprised of protocols (which may specify how and what kinds of data will be gathered) that are executed as part of an investigation and is realized during a study design execution. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0500006 parallel group design http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0500000 study design independent measure design A parallel group design or independent measure design is a study design which uses unique experimental unit each experimental group, in other word no two individuals are shared between experimental groups, hence also known as parallel group design. Subjects of a treatment group receive a unique combination of independent variable values making up a treatment http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0600015 group assignment http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000011 planned process study assignment group assignment is a process which has an organism as specified input and during which a role is assigned http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0600038 addition of molecular label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing labeling a material processing technique intended to add a molecular label to some input material entity, to allow detection of the molecular target of this label in a detection of molecular label assay http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0600064 recombinant vector cloning http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing molecular cloning a planned process with the objective to insert genetic material into a cloning vector for future replication of the inserted material http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_1000029 phage display library http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000731 recombinant vector display library a phage display library is a collection of materials in which a mixture of genes or gene fragments is expressed and can be individually selected and amplified. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/REO_0000171 molecular label role http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000023 role molecular tracer role a reagent role inhering in a molecular entity intended to associate with some molecular target to serve as a proxy for the presence, abundance, or location of this target in a detection of molecular label assay. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/REO_0000280 molecular label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23367 molecular entity molecular tracer a molecular reagent intended to associate with some molecular target to serve as a proxy for the presence, abundance, or location of this target in a detection of molecular label assay http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000001 region http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000031 generically dependent continuant primary structure of sequence macromolecule A sequence_feature with an extent greater than zero. A nucleotide region is composed of bases and a polypeptide region is composed of amino acids. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000023 studentized range distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000067 continuous probability distribution q distribution The studentized range (q) distribution is a probability distribution used by the Tukey Honestly Significant Difference test. The distribution of the statistic [x̄(k)- x̄(1)]/(s/√n) where random samples of size n have been taken from k independent and identically distributed normal populations, with x̄(1) and x̄(k) being, respectively, the smallest and largest of the k sample means, and s2 being the pooled estimate of the common variance. This statistic is particularly used in multiple comparison tests. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000040 MA plot http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000184 scatter plot M vs A plot an MA plot is a scatter plot of the log intensity ratios M = log_2(T/R) versus the average log intensities A = log_2(T*T)/2, where T and R represent the signal intensities in the test and reference channels respectively. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000243 box and whisker plot http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000038 graph box plot a box plot is a graph which plots datasets relying on their quartiles and the interquartile range to create the box and the whiskers. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000274 receiver operational characteristics curve http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000038 graph ROC curve receiver operational characteristics curve is a graphical plot which illustrates the performance of a binary classifier system as its discrimination threshold (aka cut-off point) is varied by plotting sensitivity vs (1 − specificity) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000283 negative binomial distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000117 discrete probability distribution Pólya distribution negative binomial probability distribution is a discrete probability distribution of the number of successes in a sequence of Bernoulli trials before a specified (non-random) number of failures (denoted r) occur. The negative binomial distribution, also known as the Pascal distribution or Pólya distribution, gives the probability of r-1 successes and x failures in x+r-1 trials, and success on the (x+r)th trial. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000652 calibration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200000 data transformation predictive model calibration calibration in statistics refers to the process of ensuring that the predicted probabilities or scores from a statistical model accurately reflect the true probabilities or outcomes observed in the data. It is an essential aspect of predictive modeling to ensure the reliability and interpretability of model predictions, where the goal is to estimate the likelihood of certain events or outcomes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839 macromolecule http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23367 molecular entity polymer A macromolecule is a molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000134 true negative rate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000184 ratio specificity specificity is a measurement datum qualifying a binary classification test and is computed by substracting the false positive rate to the integral numeral 1 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000190 threshold cycle http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000232 number of PCR cycle Ct Threshold cycle (or Ct or Cq) is a count which is defined as the fractional PCR cycle number at which the reporter fluorescence is greater than the threshold in the context of the RT-qPCR assay. The Ct is a basic principle of real time PCR and is an essential component in producing accurate and reproducible data. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000221 random variable http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000258 variable stochastic variable a random variable (or aleatory variable or stochastic variable) in probability and statistics, is a variable whose value is subject to variations due to chance (i.e. randomness, in a mathematical sense) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000228 ordinal variable http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000252 categorical variable ranked variable ordinal variable is a categorical variable where the discrete possible values are ordered or correspond to an implicit ranking http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000233 true positive rate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000184 ratio sensitivity sensitivity is a measurement datum qualifying a binary classification test and is computed by substracting the false negative rate to the integral numeral 1 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000252 categorical variable http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000258 variable qualitative factor a categorical variable is a variable which that can only assume a finite number of value and cast observation in a small number of categories http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000011 cartesian coordinate axis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000007 axis rectangular coordinate axis a cartesian axis is one of 3 the axis in a cartesian coordinate system defining a referential in 3 dimensions. each of the axis is orthogonal to the other 2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000027 test of association between categorical variables http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000673 statistical test hypothesis test of association linkage between 2 categorical variable test is a statistical test which evaluates if there is an association between a predictor variable assuming discrete values and a response variable also assuming discrete values http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000037 standard error of the mean http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000562 standard error of estimate SEM The standard error of the mean (SEM) is data item denoting the standard deviation of the sample-mean's estimate of a population mean. It is calculated by dividing the sample standard deviation (i.e., the sample-based estimate of the standard deviation of the population) by the square root of n , the size (number of observations) of the sample. A measure of dispersion applied to means across hypothetical repeated random samples. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000044 one-way ANOVA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200201 ANOVA one factor ANOVA one-way anova is an analysis of variance where the different groups being compared are associated with the factor levels of only one independent variable. The null hypothesis is an absence of difference between the means calculated for each of the groups. The test assumes normality and equivariance of the data. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000045 two-way ANOVA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200201 ANOVA two factor ANOVA two-way anova is an analysis of variance where the different groups being compared are associated the factor levels of exatly 2 independent variables. The null hypothesis is an absence of difference between the means calculated for each of the groups. The test assumes normality and equivariance of the data. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000054 homoskedasticity hypothesis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000065 hypothesis equality of variance homoskedasticity states that all variances under consideration are homogenous. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000076 Mann-Whitney U-test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000198 non-parametric test rank-sum test for the comparison of two samples The Mann-Whitney U-test is a null hypothesis statistical testing procedure which allows two groups (or conditions or treatments) to be compared without making the assumption that values are normally distributed. The Mann-Whitney test is the non-parametric equivalent of the t-test for independent samples http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000077 Shapiro-Wilk test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000191 goodness of fit statistical test S-W test Shapiro-Wilk test is a goodness of fit test which evaluates the null hypothesis that the sample is drawn from a population following a normal distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000081 Pearson's Chi square test of independence between categorical variables http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000027 test of association between categorical variables Chi2 test for independence Pearson's Chi-Squared test is a statistical null hypothesis test which is used to either evaluate goodness of fit of dataset to a Chi-Squared distribution or used to test independence of 2 categorical variables (ie absence of association between those variables). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000083 Kolmogorov-Smirnov test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000191 goodness of fit statistical test K-S test Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is a goodness of fit test which evaluates the null hypothesis that a sample is drawn from a population that follows a specific continuous probability distribution. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000094 Kruskal Wallis test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000198 non-parametric test rank-sum test for the comparison of multiple (more than 2) samples. The Kruskal–Wallis test is a null hypothesis statistical testing objective which allows multiple (n>=2) groups (or conditions or treatments) to be compared, without making the assumption that values are normally distributed. The Kruskal–Wallis test is the non-parametric equivalent of the independent samples ANOVA. The Kruskal–Wallis test is most commonly used when there is one nominal variable and one measurement variable, and the measurement variable does not meet the normality assumption of an anova. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000099 random effect model http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000107 statistical model variance components model a random effect(s) model, also called a variance components model, is a kind of hierarchical linear model. It assumes that the dataset being analysed consists of a hierarchy of different populations whose differences relate to that hierarchy. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000100 standardized mean difference http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000613 difference SMD standardized mean difference is statistic computed by forming the difference between two means, divided by an estimate of the within-group standard deviation. It is used to provide an estimation of the effect size between two treatments when the predictor (independent variable) is categorical and the response(dependent) variable is continuous. A standardized mean difference is a statistic that is a difference between two means, divided by a statistical measure of dispersion. The term Standardized Mean Difference is a description of the concept without an explicit type of statistical measure of dispersion. If the statistical measure of dispersion is specified, then a type (child term) of Standardized Mean Difference is preferred. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000113 variance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000028 measure of dispersion σ2 variance is a data item about a random variable or probability distribution. it is equivalent to the square of the standard deviation. It is one of several descriptors of a probability distribution, describing how far the numbers lie from the mean (expected value).The variance is the second moment of a distribution. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000123 r2 measure of linkage desequilibrium http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000142 correlation coefficient R squared measure of LD r2 is a correlation coefficient which is computed over the frequency of 2 dichotomous variable and is used as a measure of Linkage Disequilibrium and as input data item to the creation of an LD plot http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000127 99% confidence interval http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000196 confidence interval confidence interval at 1% of type I error rate a confidence interval which covers 99% of the sampling distribution, meaning that there is a 1% risk of false positive (type I error) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000133 post-hoc analysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000279 between group comparison statistical test a posteriori test A post-hoc analysis is a statistical test carried out following an analysis of variance which ruled out the null hypothesis of absence of difference between group which allows identifying which groups differ. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000148 Cochran-Armitage test for trend http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000027 test of association between categorical variables CATT The Cochran-Armitage test is a statistical test used in categorical data analysis when the aim is to assess for the presence of an association between a dichotomous variable (variable with two categories) and a polychotomous variable (a variable with k categories). The two-level variable represents the response, and the other represents an explanatory variable with ordered levels. The null hypothesis is the hypothesis of no trend, which means that the binomial proportion is the same for all levels of the explanatory variable For example, doses of a treatment can be ordered as 'low', 'medium', and 'high', and we may suspect that the treatment benefit cannot become smaller as the dose increases. The trend test is often used as a genotype-based test for case-control genetic association studies. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000150 minimum observed value http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000039 statistic minimum value a minimum value is a data item which denotes the smallest value found in a dataset or resulting from a calculation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000151 maximum observed value http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000039 statistic maximum value maximum value is a data item which denotes the largest value found in a dataset or resulting from a calculation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000172 FPKM-fragments per kilobase of transcript per million fragments mapped http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000047 count FPKM FPKM, which is the expected fragments per kilobase of transcript per million fragments mapped is a metric used to report transcript expression event as generated by RNA-Seq using paired-end library. The calculated value results from 2 types of normalization, one to take into account the difference in reads counts associated with transcript length (at equal abundance, longer transcripts will have more reads than shorter transcripts) , (hence the 'per kilobase of transcript') and the other one to take into account different sequencing depth during distinct sequencing runs (hence the 'per millions mapped fragment'. The metric is specifically produced by cufflink software. Recommended use: -FPKM measure may be used for gene count comparisons within a sample. -FPKM measure is NOT suited for between sample comparisons. -FPKM measure is NOT suited for Differential Expression analysis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000201 Spearman's rank correlation coefficient http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000142 correlation coefficient Spearman's rho Spearman's rank correlation coefficient is a correlation coefficient which is a nonparametric measure of statistical dependence between two ranked variables. It assesses how well the relationship between two variables can be described using a monotonic function. If there are no repeated data values, a perfect Spearman correlation of +1 or −1 occurs when each of the variables is a perfect monotone function of the other. Spearman's coefficient may be used when the conditions for computing Pearson's correlation are not met (e.g linearity, normality of the 2 continuous variables) but may require a ranking transformation of the variables http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000204 F-distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000067 continuous probability distribution Snedecor Fisher distribution the F-distribution is a continuous probability distribution which arises in the testing of whether two observed samples have the same variance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000206 RPKM-reads per kilobase of transcript per million fragments mapped http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000047 count RPKM RPKM is a kind of count which numbers the sequence reads found per kilobase of transcript reported to million of sequence reads. RPKM is a metric generated by ERANGE software tool as reported by Mortazi et al, in 2008. The metric has been enhanced and replaced by FPKM to better take into account splice variant. FKPM uses a statistical model to perform the computation. Recommended use: -RPKM measure may be used for gene count comparisons within a sample. -RPKM measure is NOT suited for between sample comparisons. -RPKM measure is NOT suited for Differential Expression analysis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000214 50% confidence interval http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000196 confidence interval confidence interval at 10% of type I error rate a confidence interval which covers 50% of the sampling distribution, meaning that there is a 50% risk of false positive (type I error) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000226 equal variance testing objective http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000675 statistical hypothesis test objective homoschedacity testing objective It is a testing objective to ensure the variances of the different groups used in a statistical test are similar (i.e. not too different). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000227 normal distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000329 symmetric distribution Gaussian distribution a normal distribution is a continuous probability distribution described by a probability distribution function described here: http://mathworld.wolfram.com/NormalDistribution.html http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000230 expected value http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000029 measure of central tendency μ the expected value (or expectation, mathematical expectation, EV, mean, or the first moment) of a random variable is a data item which corresponds to the weighted average of all possible values that this random variable can take on. The weights used in computing this average correspond to the probabilities in case of a discrete random variable, or densities in case of a continuous random variable. From a rigorous theoretical standpoint, the expected value is the integral of the random variable with respect to its probability measure. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000231 95% confidence interval http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000196 confidence interval confidence interval at 5% of type I error rate a confidence interval which covers 95% of the sampling distribution, meaning that there is a 5% risk of false positive (type I error). If the number of observations made is large enough, the sampling distribution can be assumed to be normal, which entails that 95% of the sampling distributions falls within roughly2 (1.96) standard deviations from the mean. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000237 standard deviation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000028 measure of dispersion σ The standard deviation of a random variable, statistical population, data set, or probability distribution is a measure of variation which correspond to the average distance from the mean of the data set to any given point of that dataset. It also corresponds to the square root of its variance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000240 Kendall's correlation coefficient http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000142 correlation coefficient Kendall's tau (τ) coefficient Kendall's correlation coefficient is a correlation coefficient between 2 ordinal variables (natively or following a ranking procedure) and may be used when the conditions for computing Pearson's correlation are not met (e.g linearity, normality of the 2 continuous variables) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000245 relative risk http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000620 risk risk ratio Relative risk is a measurement datum which denotes the risk of an 'event' relative to an 'exposure'. Relative risk is calculated by forming the ratio of the probability of the event occurring in the exposed group versus the probability of this event occurring in the non-exposed group. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000248 blocking variable http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000258 variable nuisance variable a blocking variable is a independent variable which is used in a blocking process part of an experiment with the purpose of maximizing the signal coming from the main variable. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000260 repeated measure ANOVA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000202 within subject comparison statistical test ANOVA for correlated samples repeated measure ANOVA is a kind of ANOVA specifically developed for non-independent observations as found when repeated measurements on the sample experimental unit. repeated measure ANOVA is sensitive to departure from normality (evaluation using Bartlett's test), more so in the case of unbalanced groups (i.e. different sizes of sample populations). Departure from sphericity (evaluation using Mauchly'test) used to be an issue which is now handled robustly by modern tools such as R's lme4 or nlme, which accommodate dependence assumptions other than sphericity. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000264 factor level combination http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000100 data set treatment combination a factor level combination is one a possible sets of factor levels resulting from the cartesian product of sets of factor and their levels as defined in a factorial design http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000265 factor level http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000027 data item treatment A factor level is data item which corresponds to one of the value assumed by a factor or independent variable manipulated and set by the experimentalist. In the context of factorial design, a factor level is assumed to be or treated as a category in a categorical variable http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000275 transmission disequilibrium test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000027 test of association between categorical variables TDT The transmission disequilibrium test is a statistical test for genetic linkage between genetic marker and a trait in families. The test is robust to population structure. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000280 Pearson's correlation coefficient http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000142 correlation coefficient r statistics The Pearson's correlation coefficient is a correlation coefficient which evaluates two continuous variables for association strength in a data sample. It assumes that both variables are normally distributed and linearity exists. The coefficient is calculated by dividing their covariance with the product of their individual standard deviations. It is a normalized measurement of how the two are linearly related. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000286 one tailed test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200000 data transformation one sided test a one-tailed test is a statistical test which, assuming an unskewed probability distribution, allocates all of the significance level to evaluate only one hypothesis to explain a difference. The one-tailed test provides more power to detect an effect in one direction by not testing the effect in the other direction. one-tailed test should be preceded by two-tailed test in order to avoid missing out on detecting alternate effect explaining an observed difference. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000289 design matrix http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000642 matrix model matrix a design matrix is an information content entity which denotes a study design. The design matrix is a n by m matrix where n the number of rows, corresponds to the number of observations (4 rows if quadruplicates) and where m, the number of columns corresponds to the number of independent variables. Each element in the matrix correspond to a discretized value representing one of the factor levels for a given factor. A design matrix can be used as input to statistical modeling or statistical analysis. The design matrix contains data on the independent variables (also called explanatory variables) in statistical models which attempt to explain observed data on a response variable (often called a dependent variable) in terms of the explanatory variables. The theory relating to such models makes substantial use of matrix manipulations involving the design matrix: see for example linear regression. A notable feature of the concept of a design matrix is that it is able to represent a number of different experimental designs and statistical models, e.g., ANOVA, ANCOVA, and linear regression http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000296 absence of enrichment hypothesis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000295 absence of positive difference hypothesis absence of over representation hypothesis absence of depletion difference hypothesis is a hypothesis which assumes that the representation of an element significantly greater than a threshold does not exist. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000297 absence of depletion hypothesis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000294 absence of negative difference hypothesis absence of under representation hypothesis absence of depletion difference hypothesis is a hypothesis which assumes that the representation of an element significantly less than a threshold does not exist. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000303 two sample t-test with equal variance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000279 between group comparison statistical test two sample t-test two sample t-test is a null hypothesis statistical test which is used to reject or accept the hypothesis of absence of difference between the means over 2 randomly sampled populations. It uses a t-distribution for the test and assumes that the variables in the population are normally distributed and with equal variances. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000304 two sample t-test with unequal variance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000279 between group comparison statistical test Welsh t-test Welch t-test is a two sample t-test used when the variances of the 2 populations/samples are thought to be unequal (homoskedasticity hypothesis not verified). In this version of the two-sample t-test, the denominator used to form the t-statistics, does not rely on a 'pooled variance' estimate. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000309 Pearson's Chi square test of goodness of fit http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000191 goodness of fit statistical test Chi2 test for goodness of fit Pearson's Chi-Squared test for goodnes of fit is a statistical null hypothesis test which is used to either evaluate goodness of fit of dataset to a Chi-Squared distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000316 root-mean-square standardized effect http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000085 effect size estimate Ψ root-mean-square standardized effect is a statistic which denotes effect size in the context of analysis of variance and corresponds to the square root of the arithmetic average of p standardized effects (effects normalized to be expressed in standard deviation units). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000347 Matern function anisotropic covariance structure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000346 covariance structure Matern covariance function Given two sets of locations computes the Matern cross covariance matrix for covariances among all pairings. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000349 spatial linear geometric anisotropic covariance structure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000346 covariance structure SP(LINGA) spatial linear geometric anisotropic covariance structure is a type of covariance structure characterized by its anisotropy, i.e., the variation of properties can be different in directions x and y, which is this case give linear features. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000351 spatial gaussian geometric anisotropic covariance structure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000346 covariance structure SP(GAUGA) spatial gaussian geometric anisotropic covariance structure is a type of covariance structure characterized by its anisotropy, i.e., the variation of properties can be different in directions x and y, which is this case give gaussian features. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000352 spatial exponential geometric anisotropic covariance structure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000346 covariance structure SP(EXPGA) spatial exponential geometric anisotropic covariance structure is a type of covariance structure characterized by its anisotropy, i.e., the variation of properties can be different in directions x and y, which is this case give exponential features. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000353 spatial exponential anisotropic covariance structure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000346 covariance structure SP(EXPA)(c-list) spatial exponential anisotropic covariance structure is a type of covariance structure characterized by its anisotropy, i.e., the variation of properties can be different in directions x and y, which is this case give exponential features. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000355 heterogeneous Toeplitz covariance structure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000346 covariance structure TOEPH This covariance structure has heterogenous variances and heterogenous correlations between elements. The correlation between adjacent elements is homogenous across pairs of adjacent elements. The correlation between elements separated by a third is again homogenous, and so on. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000358 Huynh-Feldt covariance structure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000346 covariance structure HF a form of covariance structure used to provide analysis ground s in the context of repeated measures datasets (longitudinal, time series) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000364 first order autoregressive moving average covariance structure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000346 covariance structure ARMA(1,1) first order autoregressive moving average covariance structure is a type of covariance structure which is used in the context of time series analysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000399 interquartile mean http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000163 trimmed mean IQM The interquartile mean (IQM) (or midmean) is a statistical measure of central tendency based on the truncated mean of the interquartile range. In the calculation of the IQM, only the data in the second and third quartiles is used (as in the interquartile range), and the lowest 25% and the highest 25% of the scores are discarded. These points are called the first and third quartiles, hence the name of the IQM. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000400 quadratic mean http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000029 measure of central tendency root mean square The root mean square (abbreviated RMS or rms), also known as the quadratic mean, in statistics is a statistical measure of central tendency defined as the square root of the mean of the squares of a sample. ( To find the root mean square of a set of numbers, square all the numbers in the set and then find the arithmetic mean of the squares. Take the square root of the result. This is the root mean square.) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000402 population mean http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000029 measure of central tendency distribution mean the population mean or distribution mean is a parameter of a probability distribution or population indicative of the data dispersion. For continous probabibility distribution, the population mean is computed using the probability density function, for discrete probability distributions, a mass density function is used instead. A population mean can be estimated by computing a sample mean http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000464 linear mixed model http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000189 mixed effect model LMM A lnear mixed model is a mixed model containing both fixed effects and random effects and in which factors and covariates are assumed to have a linear relationship to the dependent variable. These models are useful in a wide variety of disciplines in the physical, biological and social sciences. They are particularly useful in settings where repeated measurements are made on the same statistical units (longitudinal study), or where measurements are made on clusters of related statistical units. Because of their advantage in dealing with missing values, mixed effects models are often preferred over more traditional approaches such as repeated measures ANOVA. Fixed-effects factors are generally considered to be the variables whose values of interest are all represented in the data file. Random-effects factors are variables whose values correspond to unwanted variation. They are useful when trying to understand variability in the dependent variable which was not anticipated and exceeds what was expected. Linear mixed models also allow to specify specific interactions between factors, and allow the evaluation of the various linear effect that a particular combination of factor levels may have on a response variable. Finally, linear mixed models allow to specify variance components in order to describe the relation between various random effects levels. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000682 kappa http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000623 measure of agreement kappa statistic A measure of agreement among categorical assessments, corrected for chance agreement. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000691 area under the precision-recall curve http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000209 area under curve AUPRC An area under the curve where the curve is the precision and the domain of interest is the recall. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000695 precision-recall curve http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000038 graph PR-curve The precision-recall curve is a graph which plots the sensitivity or recall on the X-axis and the precision on the Y-axis. The precision-recall curves focuses on the trade-off between Precision and Recall at various thresholds. It also highlights the performance of the model for the positive class (often the minority or more important class). It is particularly suited for for imbalanced datasets where the positive class is rare. The PR-curve is more sensitive to class imbalance. As precision drops significantly if the model predicts too many false positives, it makesthe PR-curve better for evaluating performance on imbalanced datasets. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000699 t-score http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000039 statistic t-value A t-score generally refers to the value resulting from standardizing a sample statistic (e.g., sample mean) in terms of the t-distribution. It quantifies how far the sample statistic is from the hypothesized population parameter in units of the estimated standard error. A t-score is a statistic that represents a measure of the divergence of an individual experimental result from a specified mean, taking sample size into account and expressed in terms of the number of standard errors from the mean value. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000700 p-value http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000071 quantitative confidence value p value A hypothesis testing measure that represents the probability of obtaining a result at least as far from the value actually obtained as the value expected, assuming the null hypothesis is true. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000706 Bayesian inference http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000299 statistical inference Bayesian approach A statistical inference paradigm in which the assumptions are that parameters are random variables with probability distributions, that prior knowledge can be represented with such distributions, and that one learns from data by updating those prior distributions using Bayes' Rule. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000707 frequentist inference http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000299 statistical inference frequentist statistical inference paradigm A statistical inference paradigm in which the assumptions are that probabilities reflect relative frequencies of events and that the probability of observing data are governed by fixed yet unknown population parameters. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/stato.owl#http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000669 sum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000039 statistic total A statistic that represents the result of adding all the values in a collection of values. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000287 two tailed test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200000 data transformation two sided test a two tailed test is a statistical test which assess the null hypothesis of absence of difference assuming a symmetric (not skewed) underlying probability distribution by allocating half of the significance level selected to each of the direction of change which could explain a difference (for example, a difference can be an excess or a loss). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000628 F1 score http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000663 F-beta score F1-score A ratio representing the harmonic mean of recall and precision. The F1-score is used as a measure of quality for classification algorithms and information retrieval strategies, where 1 represents the best precision and recall and 0 represents the worst precision and recall. A harmonic mean of a set of quantities is the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the reciprocals of each quantity. The F score is thus calculated as 1 / (the arithmetic mean of the reciprocals), or: F = 1 / ( ( (1/recall) + (1/precision) ) / 2 ) F = 2*( (precision*recall) / (precision+recall) ) Recall is sensitivity STATO:0000233 Precision (PPV) is STATO:0000416 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000592 Rand index http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000184 ratio RI the Rand index is a ratio, related to the notion of accuracy (STATO_0000415), which is used to compare the similarity of two clustering outcomes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000664 mean of differences http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000573 average value mean of paired differences A mean of values in which each value is the subtraction of one quantity from another. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000679 diagnostic odd ratio http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000184 ratio DOR A measure of association that is the ratio of the odds of a positive test in those with disease relative to the odds of a positive test in those without disease. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000692 probability distribution mean http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000573 average value mu A probability distribution attribute that represents the expected value of a variable that has that distribution. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000640 log-rank test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200194 survival analysis data transformation logrank test The logrank test is a statistical hypothesis test used to compare the survival distributions of two or more groups. It is commonly employed in survival analysis, where the primary interest lies in comparing the survival experiences of different groups over time. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000589 TPM-transcript per million http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000047 count TPM TPM, which stands for Transcript Per Million, is a data item produced during a normilization procedure of RNA-Seq data (i.e. transcription profiling reads produced by nucleic acid sequencing) and corresponds to the count per length of transcript (kb) per million reads mapped. -TPM considers the gene length and sequencing depth for normalization -TPM proposed as an alternative to RPKM due to inaccuracy in RPKM measurement (Wagner et al., 2012) -TPM is suitable for sequencing protocols where reads sequencing depends on gene length -TPM is RPKM scaled by a constant to make sure the sum of all values is 1 million. -TPM (transcript per million) = 1,000,000*θi/(ℓi*c), where c is a constant value, sum_[j](θj/ℓj), sum_[i]TPM=1,000,000 Recommended use: -TPM measure is suited for gene count comparisons within a sample or between samples of the same sample group. -TPM measure is NOT suited for Differential Expression analysis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000590 median of the ratios corrected count http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000047 count median of the ratios corrected count is kind of count produced during an RNA-Seq data normalization procedure which corresponds to dividing counts by sample-specific size factors determined by median ratio of gene counts relative to geometric mean per gene. It was first described by Anders and Huber in 2010 (https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2010-11-10-r106) Recommended use: -"median of the ratios corrected count" is suited for Differential Expression analysis or between samples. -"median of the ratios corrected count" is NOT suited for gene count comparisons within a sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000591 TMM-trimmed mean of M-values corrected count http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000047 count TMM TMM or Trimmed Mean of M-Values is a measurement datum which is the output of the TMM normalization procedure for RNA-Seq data proposed by Robinson and Oshlack (2010). A scaling normalization method for differential expression analysis of RNA-seq data. The TMM procedure is doubly trimmed, by log-fold-changes (sample k relative to sample r for gene g) and by absolute intensity (A g ). It was first release as part of the R package edgeR, 10.1093/bioinformatics/btp616 Recommended use: -TMM measure is suited for gene count comparisons within a sample or between samples of the same sample group. -TMM measure is suited for Differential Expression analysis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000593 adjusted Rand index http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000592 Rand index ARI the adjusted Rand index is a measure which rescales the Rand index, taking into account that random chance will cause some objects to occupy the same clusters, so the Rand Index will never actually be zero. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000594 confusion matrix http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000642 matrix http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000122 a confusion matrix is a 2 by 2 contingency table used to evaluate the performance of a classifier, often a machine-learning classifier and that allows visualization of the performance of an algorithm, typically a supervised learning one. It defines two dimensions ("actual" and "predicted"), and identical sets of "classes" in both dimensions (each combination of dimension and class is a variable in the contingency table). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000608 area under the receiver operator characteristic curve http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000209 area under curve concordance index An area under the curve where the curve is the true positive rate and the range of interest is the false positive rate. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000611 measure of correlation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000610 measure of association correlation measure of correlation is a measure of association between ordinal or continuous variables. A value of 0 means no association. A positive value means a positive association (as one variable increases, the other variable increases). A negative value means a negative association (as one variable increases, the other variable decreases). For correlation coefficients, the possible values range from +1 (perfect positive association) to -1 (perfect negative association) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000612 Goodman and Kruskal's gamma http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000142 correlation coefficient gamma statistic A measure of correlation, ranging from -1 to 1, that measures the strength and direction of the relationship between ranks by value of two ordinal or continuous variables, and is calculated based on the difference in the number of concordant and discordant pairs of rankings divided by the total number of pairs of rankings, where ties are not counted among the pairs of rankings. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000617 median difference http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000614 absolute difference difference in median A difference that is a subtraction of one median from another. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000630 Cohen's kappa http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000682 kappa Cohen's kappa statistic A Kappa statistic in which the expected agreement by chance is based on an assumption that the likelihood of each category for assignment is based on the proportion observed, and the number of raters is 2. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000632 misclassification rate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000623 measure of agreement classification error A ratio of the number of incorrect results to the total number tested. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000635 number needed to treat http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000634 reciprocal of difference number needed to treat to benefit A statistic that represents the number of units that needs to be treated to prevent one additional undesired outcome. The Number Needed to Treat is calculated as the reciprocal of a treatment effect estimate, where the effect estimate is expressed as a risk difference. The Number Needed to Treat (NNT) value is often rounded up to the next highest whole integer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000637 number needed to screen to detect http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000634 reciprocal of difference NNS A statistic that represents the number of units that needs to be tested to identify one additional case. The Number Needed to Screen to Detect is calculated as the reciprocal of a difference in rate of detected cases with and without screening. The Number Needed to Screen (NNS) value is often rounded up to the next highest whole integer. The Number Needed to Screen to Detect is distinct from the Number Needed to Screen to Prevent as the formulas to calculate are different, even though both may be abbreviated as NNS. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000638 number needed to harm http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000634 reciprocal of difference number needed to treat to harm A statistic that represents the number of units that, if treated or exposed to the intervention, lead to one additional undesired outcome. The Number Needed to Harm is calculated as the reciprocal of a treatment effect estimate, where the effect estimate is expressed as a risk difference. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000639 percentage http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000184 ratio % A ratio formed between a numerator and a denominator (both described by the same unit), and that is multiplied by 100. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000643 variance for sample http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000113 variance sample variance the sample variance is a variance computed over the actual observations made, which correspond to a sample drawn from a population in an experiment. the sample variance can be used to estimate the true variance of the underlying population/distribution. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000646 population variance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000113 variance distribution variance the population variance is a variance of the true population from which a sample is derived. the population variance describes the variability of a characteristic in the population. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000660 posterior predictive value http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000071 quantitative confidence value Bayesian p-value A hypothesis testing measure that is the predictive probability that a statistic is equal to or more extreme than that observed under the assumptions of the model. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000661 p-value for one-sided test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000071 quantitative confidence value one-tailed test p-value A p-value which represents the probability of obtaining a result at least as far, in one direction, from the value actually obtained as the value expected, assuming the null hypothesis is true. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000662 p-value for two-sided test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000071 quantitative confidence value two-tailed test p-value A p-value which represents the probability of obtaining a result at least as far, in either direction, from the value actually obtained as the value expected, assuming the null hypothesis is true. A p-value for two-sided test interprets 'at least as far from' with both the direction of 'greater than' and the direction of 'less than'. For hypothesis test interpretation, the two-tailed p-value is compared to the alpha setting divided by 2. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000670 incidence rate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000645 rate incidence density A rate in which the number of new events per total at risk is divided by an interval of time. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000606 abbreviations section http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000314 document part list of abbreviations used A part of a document where abbreviations and their long-forms used within the document are listed. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000607 author information section http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000314 document part authors’ information A part of a document about the authors that provides biographical information and may discuss how the authors' professional experiences are relevant to the work described in the document. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000609 author summary section http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000314 document part synopsis A part of a document, distinct from the abstract, that describes the significance and broader context of the document content. The author summary is often written in a non-technical manner and is aimed at both scientists and non-scientist readers. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000611 availability section http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000314 document part availability A part of a document about a resource described in the document, e.g. software, that describes where and/or how that resource can be obtained. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000613 case report section http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000314 document part case report A part of a document about the medical history of a specific patient as it relates to the topic of the document. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000615 conclusion section http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000314 document part summary A part of a document used to summarize the findings discussed in the document. The conclusion section is typically found near the end of a document. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000616 conflict of interest section http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000314 document part disclosure of potential conflicts of interest A part of a document used to declare any competing interests regarding the authors and/or funding organization for the work described in the document. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000618 consent section http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000314 document part consent A part of a document about the consent process that was used to enroll patients in a study. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000620 ethical approval section http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000314 document part ethical approval A part of a document about the governance body responsible for approving the work discussed in a document on an ethical basis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000622 figures section http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000314 document part figures A part of a document that contains one or more figures. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000623 funding source declaration section http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000314 document part sources of funding A part of a document used to detail information regarding the source of funding used in support of the generation of the document content. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000625 future directions section http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000314 document part future work A part of a document detailing extensions of the described work that may be implemented at some future point in time. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000627 genome announcement section http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000314 document part genome announcement A document part announcing the publication of a novel draft genome sequence. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000630 keywords section http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000314 document part keywords A part of a document where keywords selected by the author to categorize the major theme(s) of a document are listed. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000631 study limitations section http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000314 document part study limitations A part of a document about biases or short comings related to the study design and execution. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000633 materials section http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000314 document part materials A part of a document about the materials required to reproduce the content of the document. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000634 notes section http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000314 document part notes A part of a document containing typically short notes about the document itself and/or the authors. Often the notes section contains subsections related to funding, competing interests, ethical approval, etc. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000637 pre-publication history section http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000314 document part pre-publication history A part of the document about the publication history of a document. This section typically details dates of document submission to a journal and dates of any re-submissions as well as reviewer comments and responses to reviewers by the authors. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000639 related work section http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000314 document part related work A part of a document about work in other publications that is relevant to the content of the document. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000641 requirements section http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000314 document part requirements A part of a document about a resource described in the document, e.g. software, that describes the requirements necessary to use the resource, e.g. operating systems, hardware, etc. in the case of a software resource. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000644 statistical analysis section http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000314 document part statistical analysis A part of the document used to describe the statistical methodologies employed in the work presented in the document. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000645 tables section http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000314 document part tables A part of a document that contains one or more tables. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000650 database extract, transform, and load process http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000011 planned process ETL A planned process which takes as input a database and fills another database by extracting concretizations of information entities from the first, transforming them, and loading the transformed concretizations into the second. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000574 center value http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000152 quartile second quartile The median is that value of the variate which divides the total frequency into two halves. The median is measure of central tendency of data. It is obtained by arranging the observations in order from smallest to largest value. If there is an odd number of observations, the median is the middle value. If there is an even number of observations, the median is the average of the two middle values. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000406 Yuen t-Test with trimmed means http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000279 between group comparison statistical test Yuen-Welch's t-test The Yuen's t-test is a two sample t-test with populations of unequal variance which provides a more robust t-test procedure under normal distribution and long tailed distributions. The test computes a t statistics not using 'arithmetic means' but using 'trimmed means' instead as well as winsorized variances. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000410 negative likelihood ratio http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000409 likelihood ratio likelihood ratio for negative results the likelihood ratio of negative results is a ratio which is formed by dividing the difference between 1 and sensitivity of the test by the specificity value of a test. This can be expressed also as dividing the probability of a person who has the disease testing negative by the probability of a person who does not have the disease testing negative. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000411 positive likelihood ratio http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000409 likelihood ratio likelihood ratio for positive results the likelihood ratio of positive results is a ratio which is form by dividing the sensitivity value of a test by the difference between 1 and specificity of the test. This can be expressed also as dividing the probability of the test giving a positive result when testing an affected subject versus the probability of the test giving a positive result when a subject is not affected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000413 incidence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000607 proportion incidence proportion A proportion in which the numerator represents new events. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000416 precision http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000607 proportion positive predictive value precision or positive predictive value is defined as the proportion of the true positives against all the positive results (both true positives and false positives) A proportion in which the numerator represents the correctly detected items within the denominator that represents all items detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000420 I-squared http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000418 measure of heterogeneity I2 The quantity called I2, describes the percentage of total variation across studies that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance. I2 can be readily calculated from basic results obtained from a typical meta-analysis as I2 = 100%×(Q - df)/Q, where Q is Cochran's heterogeneity statistic and df the degrees of freedom. Negative values of I2 are put equal to zero so that I2 lies between 0% and 100%. A value of 0% indicates no observed heterogeneity, and larger values show increasing heterogeneity. Unlike Cochran's Q, it does not inherently depend upon the number of studies considered. A confidence interval for I² is constructed using either i) the iterative non-central chi-squared distribution method of Hedges and Piggott (2001); or ii) the test-based method of Higgins and Thompson (2002). The non-central chi-square method is currently the method of choice (Higgins, personal communication, 2006) – it is computed if the 'exact' option is selected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000424 risk difference http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000614 absolute difference absolute risk difference The risk difference is the difference between the observed risks (proportions of individuals with the outcome of interest) in the two groups. The risk difference is straightforward to interpret: it describes the actual difference in the observed risk of events between experimental and control interventions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000430 meta analysis by Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000155 meta analysis HKSJ method a random effect meta analysis procedure defined by Hartung and Knapp and by Sidik and Jonkman which performs better than DerSimonian and Laird approach, especially when there is heterogeneity and the number of studies in the meta-analysis is small. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000433 McNemar test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200000 data transformation test of the marginal homogeneity of a contingency table McNemar's test is a statistical test used on paired nominal data. It is applied to 2 × 2 contingency tables with a dichotomous trait, with matched pairs of subjects, to determine whether the row and column marginal frequencies are equal (that is, whether there is "marginal homogeneity"). It is named after Quinn McNemar, who introduced it in 1947. An application of the test in genetics is the transmission disequilibrium test for detecting linkage disequilibrium http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000440 Dixon Q test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000443 generalized extreme studentized deviate test Q test Dixon test is a statistical test used to detect outliers in a univariate data set assumed to come from a normally distributed population. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000441 Grubbs' test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000443 generalized extreme studentized deviate test maximum normed residual test Grubbs' test is a statistical test used to detect one outlier in a univariate data set assumed to come from a normally distributed population. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000442 Tietjen-Moore test for outliers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000443 generalized extreme studentized deviate test Tietjen-Moore test Tietjen-Moore test for outlier is a statistical test used to detect outliers and corresponds to a generalization of the Grubb's test, thus allowing detection of more than one outlier in a univariate data set assumed to come from a normally distributed population. If testing for a single outlier, the Tietjen-Moore test is equivalent to the Grubbs' test. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000443 generalized extreme studentized deviate test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200000 data transformation generalized ESD test for outliers The Extreme Studentized Deviate Test is a statistical test used to detect outliers in a univariate data set assumed to come from a normally distributed population. The ESD Test differs from the Grubbs' test and the Tietjen-Moore test in the sense that it contains built-in correction for multiple testing. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000455 credible interval http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000028 measure of dispersion Bayesian credibility interval In Bayesian statistics context, a credible interval is an interval of a posterior distribution which is such that the density at any point inside the interval is greater than the density at any point outside and that the area under the curve for that interval is equal to a prespecified probability level. For any probability level there is generally only one such interval, which is also often known as the highest posterior density region. Unlike the usual confidence interval associated with frequentist inference, here the intervals specify the range within which parameters lie with a certain probability. The Bayesian counterparts of the confidence interval used in Frequentists Statistics. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000456 95% credible interval http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000455 credible interval Bayesian credibility interval at 95% In Bayesian statistics context, a 95% credible interval is a credible interval which,given the data, includes the true parameter with probability of 95%. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000458 99% credible interval http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000455 credible interval Bayesian credible interval at 99% In Bayesian statistics context, a 99% credible interval is a credible interval which, given the data, includes the true parameter with probability of 99%. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000467 model random effect term http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000466 model term variance component the model random effect term is model term which aims to account for the unwanted variability in the data associated with a range of independent variables which are not the primary interest in the dataset. It is there also known as the variance component of the model http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000474 Satterthwaite degree of freedom approximation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000472 degree of freedom approximation satterthwaite Satterthwaite degree of freedom approximation is a type of degree of freedom approximation which is used to estimate an “effective degrees of freedom” for a probability distribution formed from several independent normal distributions where only estimates of the variance are known. It was originally developed by statistician Franklin E. Satterthwaite. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000475 between-within denominator degrees of freedom approximation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000472 degree of freedom approximation between-within a data transformation to determine the number of degree of freedom http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000501 Weibull probability distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000067 continuous probability distribution Weibull distribution the Weibull probability distribution is continuous probabibility distribution which is used to model time to fail, time to repair and material strength in material science. In biomedicine, the Weibull probability is used to in determining 'hazard functions'. The 'location parameter' of the Weibull probability distribution can be used to define a failure-free zone. If the quantity X is a "time-to-failure", the Weibull distribution gives a distribution for which the failure rate is proportional to a power of time. The shape parameter, k, is that power plus one, and so this parameter can be interpreted directly as follows: A value of {\displaystyle k<1\,} {\displaystyle k<1\,} indicates that the failure rate decreases over time. This happens if there is significant "infant mortality", or defective items failing early and the failure rate decreasing over time as the defective items are weeded out of the population. In the context of the diffusion of innovations, this means negative word of mouth: the hazard function is a monotonically decreasing function of the proportion of adopters; A value of {\displaystyle k=1\,} {\displaystyle k=1\,} indicates that the failure rate is constant over time. This might suggest random external events are causing mortality, or failure. The Weibull distribution reduces to an exponential distribution; A value of {\displaystyle k>1\,} {\displaystyle k>1\,} indicates that the failure rate increases with time. This happens if there is an "aging" process, or parts that are more likely to fail as time goes on. In the context of the diffusion of innovations, this means positive word of mouth: the hazard function is a monotonically increasing function of the proportion of adopters. The function is first concave, then convex with an inflexion point at {\displaystyle (e^{1/k}-1)/e^{1/k},k>1\,} {\displaystyle (e^{1/k}-1)/e^{1/k},k>1\,}. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000504 line intercept sampling http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000509 systematic sampling LIS sampling line intercept sampling is a sampling process by which an element in a spatial region is included in a sample if it is intersected by a line chosen by the operator. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000524 Matthews correlation coefficient http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000622 ratio-based measure of association phi coefficient Matthews Correlation Coefficient (or MCC) is a correlation coefficient which is a measure of the quality of binary (two-class) classifications, introduced by biochemist Brian W. Matthews in 1975. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000526 numerator relationship matrix http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000642 matrix A matrix the numerator relationship matrix is the matrix of *expected* additive genetic relationships between individuals. This matrix was originally used by Henderson (Henderson, C.R. 1976. A simple method for computing the inverse of a numerator relationship matrix used in prediction of breeding values. Biometrics 32:69-83.) to account for covariances between random effects, and therefore to use information from relatives in estimation of breeding value. Among the properties of the NRM matrix (also known as the A matrix), it is symmetric, the diagonal value correspond to 1+ the inbreeding coefficient for an individual. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000560 Rao's score http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000039 statistic Rao-Scott test the Rao-Scott score is a statistic which is used to test the hypothesis that all coefficients associated with a particular regression term are zero (or have some other specified values). the LRT uses a linear combination of chi-squared distributions http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000564 coefficient of determination http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000039 statistic r2 The coefficient of determination is a data item measuring the proportion of the variance in the dependent variable that is predictable from the independent variable(s). In the case of a linear regression mode, the coefficient of determination r2 is the quotient of the variances of the fitted values and observed values of the dependent variable. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000571 Partial Least Square regression http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200175 class discovery data transformation PLS Partial least squares regression (PLS regression) is a data transformation that bears some relation to principal components regression; instead of finding hyperplanes of maximum variance between the response and independent variables, it finds a linear regression model by projecting the predicted variables and the observable variables to a new space. Because both the X and Y data are projected to new spaces, the PLS family of methods are known as bilinear factor models. Partial least squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) is a variant used when the Y is categorical. PLS is used to find the fundamental relations between two matrices (X and Y), i.e. a latent variable approach to modeling the covariance structures in these two spaces. A PLS model will try to find the multidimensional direction in the X space that explains the maximum multidimensional variance direction in the Y space. PLS regression is particularly suited when the matrix of predictors has more variables than observations, and when there is multicollinearity among X values. By contrast, standard regression will fail in these cases (unless it is regularized). Partial least squares was introduced by the Swedish statistician Herman O. A. Wold, who then developed it with his son, Svante Wold. An alternative term for PLS (and more correct according to Svante Wold[1]) is projection to latent structures, but the term partial least squares is still dominant in many areas. Although the original applications were in the social sciences, PLS regression is today most widely used in chemometrics and related areas. It is also used in bioinformatics, sensometrics, neuroscience and anthropology. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000572 Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200175 class discovery data transformation PLS-DA a version of PLS used for classification, where the input y-block are group labels (categorical variable) rather than a continuous variable http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000575 non-iterative Partial Least Squares http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200000 data transformation NIPALS a data transformation which finds principal component by applying non-linear iterative partial least squares algorithm http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000580 variable importance in projection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000039 statistic VIP variable importance in projection is a measure computed as part of a partial least square regression to accumulate the importance of each variable j being reflected by w from each component. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000104 positive comparison http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000106 comparison information positive performance gap content Positive comparison is comparison information having a recipient performance level that is better than its comparator performance level http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000105 negative comparison http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000106 comparison information negative performance gap content Negative comparison is comparison information having a comparator performance level that is better than its recipient performance level. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000106 comparison information http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000004 motivating information performance gap content Comparison information is motivating information about a discrepancy between the performance levels of a feedback recipient and a comparator. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000671 hazard rate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000645 rate instantaneous hazard rate A conditional instantaneous rate in which the numerator represents an incidence conditioned on survival to a specified time, and the denominator represents a time interval with a duration approaching zero. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000633 cutoff http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000030 information content entity limit a cutoff is an information content entity that represents or sets the boundary at which something changes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000680 incidence rate ratio http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000622 ratio-based measure of association IRR A measure of association that is the ratio of two incidence rates. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000681 standardized incidence ratio http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000680 incidence rate ratio SIR An incidence rate ratio in which the numerator is the incidence rate in a group and the denominator is the incidence rate for a reference population. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000687 calibration slope http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000685 mesure of calibration calibration in the small A measure of calibration that is the rate of change in the appropriately transformed value per unit change of the correspondingly transformed predicted value. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000565 regression coefficient http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000610 measure of association a regression coefficient is a measure of association that is used as the coefficient of an independent variable in a regression model, of the dependent variable, which is linear in its parameters. A value of zero means no association. The sign (positive or negative) reflects the direction of association. a regression coefficient is a measure of association generated by a type of data transformation called a regression, which aims to model a response variable by expression the predictor variables as part of a function where variable terms are modified by a number. A regression coefficient is one such number. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000636 number needed to screen to prevent http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000634 reciprocal of difference NNS A statistic that represents the number of units that needs to be tested to prevent one additional adverse outcome, assuming that positive testing will lead to preventive intervention. The Number Needed to Screen to Prevent is calculated as the Number Needed to Treat divided by the prevalence. Comment for application: The Number Needed to Screen (NNS) value is often rounded up to the next highest whole integer. The Number Needed to Screen to Detect is distinct from the Number Needed to Screen to Prevent as the formulas to calculate are different, even though both may be abbreviated as NNS. The formula may be adjusted for test performance characteristics (e.g. dividing by the sensitivity) or assumptions regarding acceptance or adherence of interventions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000502 statistical sampling http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000011 planned process statistical sampling is a planned process which aims at assembling a population of observation units (samples) in as an unbiaised manner as possible in order to obtain or infer information about the actual population these samples have been drawn. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23367 molecular entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000040 material entity Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33250 atom http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000040 material entity A chemical entity constituting the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000588 scaled identity covariance structure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000346 covariance structure the scaled identity covariance structure is a type of covariance structure which has constant variance. The assumption is that there is no correlation between any elements. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BMONT_0000081 metric http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000030 information content entity A metric is a quantifiable measure or indicator used to assess, analyze, and evaluate performance, progress, or quality in various contexts. Metrics provide objective data that can be compared, tracked over time, and used to make informed decisions, set goals, and drive improvement. In different fields and industries, metrics serve specific purposes and may encompass a wide range of parameters, variables, and key performance indicators (KPIs). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000481 genomic best linear unbiased prediction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000337 breeding value estimation a data transformation which calculate predictions of breeding values using an animal model and a relationship matrix calculated from the genomic/genetic markers (G Matrix), in constrast to using Pedigree information as in BLUP, also known as ABLUP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000336 best linear unbiased predictor http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000337 breeding value estimation best linear unbiased prediction is a data transformation which predicts under the assumption that the variable(s) under consideration have a random effect http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000704 concentration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000032 scalar measurement datum A concentration is the measure of the amount of solute dissolved in a unit quantity of solvent or solution. It describes the strength or intensity of a solution in terms of its solute content. It is therefore a ratio in which the numerator is a measure of the solute and the denominator is a measure of the solvent. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000002 continuant http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000001 entity An entity that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000003 occurrent http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000001 entity An entity that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000004 independent continuant http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000002 continuant A continuant that is a bearer of quality and realizable entity entities, in which other entities inhere and which itself cannot inhere in anything. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000005 obsolete dependent continuant http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#ObsoleteClass Obsolete Class A continuant that is either dependent on one or other independent continuant bearers or inheres in or is borne by other entities. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000015 process http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000003 occurrent An occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000017 realizable entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000020 specifically dependent continuant A specifically dependent continuant that inheres in continuant entities and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000020 specifically dependent continuant http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000002 continuant A continuant that inheres in or is borne by other entities. Every instance of A requires some specific instance of B which must always be the same. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000023 role http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000017 realizable entity A realizable entity the manifestation of which brings about some result or end that is not essential to a continuant in virtue of the kind of thing that it is but that can be served or participated in by that kind of continuant in some kinds of natural, social or institutional contexts. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000031 generically dependent continuant http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000002 continuant A continuant that is dependent on one or other independent continuant bearers. For every instance of A requires some instance of (an independent continuant type) B but which instance of B serves can change from time to time. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000035 process boundary http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000003 occurrent p is a process boundary =Def. p is a temporal part of a process & p has no proper temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [084-001]) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000040 material entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000004 independent continuant An independent continuant that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000140 continuant fiat boundary http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000141 immaterial entity b is a continuant fiat boundary = Def. b is an immaterial entity that is of zero, one or two dimensions and does not include a spatial region as part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [029-001]) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000144 process profile http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000015 process b is a process_profile =Def. there is some process c such that b process_profile_of c (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [093-002]) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000145 relational quality http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000019 quality b is a relational quality = Def. for some independent continuants c, d and for some time t: b quality_of c at t & b quality_of d at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [057-001]) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GAZ_00000448 geographic location http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000029 site A reference to a place on the Earth, by its name or by its geographical location. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000001 conditional specification http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000033 directive information entity a directive information entity that specifies what should happen if the trigger condition is fulfilled http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000003 measurement unit label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000009 datum label A measurement unit label is as a label that is part of a scalar measurement datum and denotes a unit of measure. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000006 narrative object http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000030 information content entity A narrative object is an information content entity that is a set of propositions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000007 action specification http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000033 directive information entity a directive information entity that describes an action the bearer will take http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000009 datum label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000030 information content entity A label is a symbol that is part of some other datum and is used to either partially define the denotation of that datum or to provide a means for identifying the datum as a member of the set of data with the same label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000010 software http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000104 plan specification Software is a plan specification composed of a series of instructions that can be interpreted by or directly executed by a processing unit. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000012 obsolete2_digital entity http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#ObsoleteClass Obsolete Class A digital entity is an information entity which is a collection of bits that can be interpreted by a computer. Two digital entities are the same if they are bitwise identical. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000013 journal article http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000088 report a report that is published in a journal http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000015 information carrier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000019 quality A quality of an information bearer that imparts the information content http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000017 model number http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000028 symbol A model number is an information content entity specifically borne by catalogs, design specifications, advertising materials, inventory systems and similar that is about manufactured objects of the same class. The model number is an alternative term for the class. The manufactered objects may or may not also bear the model number. Model numbers can be encoded in a variety of other information objects, such as bar codes, numerals, or patterns of dots. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000019 obsolete2_binary digital entity http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#ObsoleteClass Obsolete Class A binary digital entity is a digital entity that is encoded in a way that is not easily human readable and that contains other than text characters. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000024 obsolete_unit of measure http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#ObsoleteClass Obsolete Class a unit of measure is the quality of some material entity compared to which another quality is some multiple of. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000025 programming language http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000104 plan specification A language in which source code is written that is intended to be executed/run by a software interpreter. Programming languages are ways to write instructions that specify what to do, and sometimes, how to do it. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000028 symbol http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000030 information content entity An information content entity that is a mark(s) or character(s) used as a conventional representation of another entity. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000029 numeral http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000028 symbol A symbol that denotes a number. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000030 information content entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000031 generically dependent continuant A generically dependent continuant that is about some thing. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000031 integer numeral http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000029 numeral a numeral that denotes an integer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000032 scalar measurement datum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000109 measurement datum a scalar measurement datum is a measurement datum that is composed of two parts, numerals and a unit label. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000033 directive information entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000030 information content entity An information content entity whose concretizations indicate to their bearer how to realize them in a process. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000034 time trigger http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000001 conditional specification revisit? http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000037 dot plot http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000038 graph A dot plot is a report graph which is a graphical representation of data where each data point is represented by a single dot placed on coordinates corresponding to data point values in particular dimensions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000038 graph http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000309 diagram A diagram that presents one or more tuples of information by mapping those tuples in to a two dimensional space in a non arbitrary way. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000047 obsolete2_text based digital entity http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#ObsoleteClass Obsolete Class A text based digital entity is a digital entity that is encoded so that it only contains text characters. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000055 rule http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000001 conditional specification a rule is an executable which guides, defines, restricts actions http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000059 obsolete2_report figure http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#ObsoleteClass Obsolete Class A report figure is a report display element that has some aspect of illustration, but may be a composite of figures, images, and other elements http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000064 algorithm http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000104 plan specification A plan specification which describes the inputs and output of mathematical functions as well as workflow of execution for achieving an predefined objective. Algorithms are realized usually by means of implementation as computer programs for execution by automata. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000065 software interpreter http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000064 algorithm A software interpreter is a software application that executes some specified input software. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000078 curation status specification http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000102 data about an ontology part The curation status of the term. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000079 density plot http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000038 graph A density plot is a report graph which is a graphical representation of data where the tint of a particular pixel corresponds to some kind of function corresponding the the amount of data points relativelly with their distance from the the pixel. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000088 report http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000310 document a document assembled by an author for the purpose of providing information for the audience. A report is the output of a documenting process and has the objective to be consumed by a specific audience. Topic of the report is on something that has completed. A report is not a single figure. Examples of reports are journal article, patent application, grant progress report, case report (not patient record) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000091 obsolete_report element http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#ObsoleteClass Obsolete Class A report element is a narrative object in which information is presented and consumed by a human being, and is part of a report. Examples of report elements are figure (dot plot), table, text portion (may include a movie or audio clip on a web page). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000093 obsolete2_binary executable http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#ObsoleteClass Obsolete Class Binary executable is a digital entity consisting of the binary representation of machine instructions of a specific processor or they may be binary pseudocode for a virtual machine. A non-source executable file is also called an object program. It is assumed that the binary executable file contains properly-formatted computer instructions. (derived from Wikipedia, Nov 1, 2007) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000096 source code module http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000033 directive information entity A source code module is a directive information entity that specifies, using a programming language, some algorithm. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000097 obsolete_report table http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#ObsoleteClass Obsolete Class A report table is a report display element consisting of a matrix of cells layed out in a grid, some set of which are filled with some information content http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000098 data format specification http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000033 directive information entity A data format specification is the information content borne by the document published defining the specification. Example: The ISO document specifying what encompasses an XML document; The instructions in a XSD file http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000100 data set http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000027 data item A data item that is an aggregate of other data items of the same type that have something in common. Averages and distributions can be determined for data sets. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000101 image http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000308 figure An image is an affine projection to a two dimensional surface, of measurements of some quality of an entity or entities repeated at regular intervals across a spatial range, where the measurements are represented as color and luminosity on the projected on surface. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000102 data about an ontology part http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000027 data item data about an ontology part is a data item about a part of an ontology, for example a term http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000104 plan specification http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000033 directive information entity A directive information entity with action specifications and objective specifications as parts that, when concretized, is realized in a process in which the bearer tries to achieve the objectives by taking the actions specified. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000105 obsolete2_digital document http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#ObsoleteClass Obsolete Class A digital document is a digital entity consisting of an electronic file which can be rendered into human-readable form by one or more computational applications. The digital document does not refer to the information content of the document but to an instance of the file. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000109 measurement datum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000027 data item A measurement datum is an information content entity that is a recording of the output of a measurement such as produced by a device. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000129 version number http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000028 symbol A version number is an information content entity which is a sequence of characters borne by part of each of a class of manufactured products or its packaging and indicates its order within a set of other products having the same name. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000131 serial number http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000028 symbol A serial number is an information content entity which is a unique sequence of characters borne by part of manufactured product or its packaging that is assigned to each individual in some class of products, and so can serve as a way to identify an individual product within the class. Serial numbers can be encoded in a variety of other information objects, such as bar codes, numerals, or patterns of dots. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000140 setting datum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000027 data item A settings datum is a datum that denotes some configuration of an instrument. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000144 conclusion textual entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001909 conclusion based on data A textual entity that expresses the results of reasoning about a problem, for instance as typically found towards the end of scientific papers. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000178 material information bearer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000040 material entity A material entity in which a concretization of an information content entity inheres. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000179 histogram http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000038 graph A histogram is a report graph which is a statistical description of a distribution in terms of occurrence frequencies of different event classes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000180 heatmap http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000038 graph A heatmap is a report graph which is a graphical representation of data where the values taken by a variable(s) are shown as colors in a two-dimensional map. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000181 Venn diagram http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000038 graph A Venn diagram is a report graph showing all hypothetically possible logical relations between a finite collection of sets. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000182 obsolete_survival curve http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#ObsoleteClass Obsolete Class A survival curve is a report graph which is a graphical representation of data where the percentage of survival is plotted as a function of time. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000183 dendrogram http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000038 graph A dendrogram is a report graph which is a tree diagram frequently used to illustrate the arrangement of the clusters produced by a clustering algorithm. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000185 photograph http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000101 image A photograph is created by projecting an image onto a photosensitive surface such as a chemically treated plate or film, CCD receptor, etc. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000186 photographic print http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000178 material information bearer A photographic print is a material entity upon which a photograph generically depends. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000225 obsolescence reason specification http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000102 data about an ontology part The reason for which a term has been deprecated. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000301 citation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000300 textual entity a textual entity intended to identify a particular publication http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000302 author identification http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000590 written name A textual entity intended to identify a particular author http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000303 institutional identification http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000300 textual entity A textual entity intended to identify a particular institution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000304 caption http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000300 textual entity A textual entity that describes a figure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000305 document title http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000300 textual entity A textual entity that names a document http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000306 table http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000300 textual entity A textual entity that contains a two-dimensional arrangement of texts repeated at regular intervals across a spatial range, such that the spatial relationships among the constituent texts expresses propositions http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000307 table of abbreviations http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000306 table A table where the constituent texts are abbreviations and their expansions http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000308 figure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000030 information content entity An information content entity consisting of a two dimensional arrangement of information content entities such that the arrangement itself is about something. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000309 diagram http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000308 figure A figure that expresses one or more propositions http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000310 document http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000030 information content entity A collection of information content entities intended to be understood together as a whole http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000311 publication http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000310 document A document that has been accepted by a publisher http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000313 patent http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000310 document A document that has been accepted by a patent authority http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000314 document part http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000030 information content entity an information content entity that is part of a document http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000315 abstract http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000314 document part A summary of the entire document that is substantially smaller than the document it summarizes. It is about the document it summarizes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000320 references section http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000314 document part A part of a document that has citations as parts http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000321 author list http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000314 document part part of a document that enumerates the authors of the document http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000322 institution list http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000314 document part part of a document that has parts that are institution identifications associated with the authors of the document http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000327 table of contents http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000306 table A table that relates document parts to specific locations in a document (usually page numbers). This is also a document part (subsumption there should be inferred). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000328 table of figures http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000306 table A table that relates figures in a document to specific locations in that document (usually page numbers). This is also a document part (subsumption there should be inferred). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000329 running title http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000305 document title A shorter version of a document title http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000330 copyright section http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000314 document part A document part that describes legal restrictions on making or distributing copies of the document http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000400 cartesian spatial coordinate datum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000027 data item A cartesian spatial coordinate datum is a representation of a point in a spatial region, in which equal changes in the magnitude of a coordinate value denote length qualities with the same magnitude http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000401 one dimensional cartesian spatial coordinate datum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000400 cartesian spatial coordinate datum A cartesion spatial coordinate datum that uses one value to specify a position along a one dimensional spatial region http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000402 two dimensional cartesian spatial coordinate datum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000400 cartesian spatial coordinate datum A cartesion spatial coordinate datum that uses two values to specify a position within a two dimensional spatial region http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000403 three dimensional cartesian spatial coordinate datum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000400 cartesian spatial coordinate datum A cartesion spatial coordinate datum that uses three values to specify a position within a three dimensional spatial region http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000408 length measurement datum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000032 scalar measurement datum A scalar measurement datum that is the result of measurement of length quality http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000409 denotator type http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000102 data about an ontology part A denotator type indicates how a term should be interpreted from an ontological perspective. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000414 mass measurement datum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000032 scalar measurement datum A scalar measurement datum that is the result of measurement of mass quality http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000415 hypothesis textual entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000300 textual entity A textual entity that expresses an assertion that is intended to be tested. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000416 time measurement datum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000032 scalar measurement datum A scalar measurement datum that is the result of measuring a temporal interval http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000422 postal address http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000300 textual entity A textual entity that is used as directive to deliver something to a person, or organization http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000442 author role http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000023 role A role inhering in a person or organization that is realized when the bearer participates in the work which is the basis of the document, in the writing of the document, and signs it with their name. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000443 data item extraction from journal article http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000011 planned process a planned process in which journal articles are read or processed and data items are extracted, typically for further analysis or indexing http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000572 documenting http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000011 planned process a planned process in which a document is created or added to by including the specified input in it. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000576 obsolete_establishing a CRID registry http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#ObsoleteClass Obsolete Class a planned process with the objective to establish a system that allows to refer to specific entities of a certain kind and store information about them, by establishing a CRID registry and plan specifications for the process of 1) assigning a CRID and 2) looking up a CRID. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000590 written name http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000300 textual entity A textual entity that denotes a particular in reality. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000591 software method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000010 software A software method (also called subroutine, subprogram, procedure, method, function, or routine) is software designed to execute a specific task. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000592 software module http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000010 software A software module is software composed of a collection of software methods. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000593 software library http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000010 software A software library is software composed of a collection of software modules and/or software methods in a form that can be statically or dynamically linked to some software application. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000594 software application http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000010 software A software application is software that can be directly executed by some processing unit. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000595 software script http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000010 software A software script is software whose instructions can be executed using a software interpreter. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000010 fluorescent reporter intensity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000109 measurement datum A measurement datum that represents the output of a scanner measuring the intensity value for each fluorescent reporter. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000011 planned process http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000015 process A processual entity that realizes a plan which is the concretization of a plan specification. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000015 biological feature identification objective http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000005 objective specification Biological_feature_identification_objective is an objective role carried out by the proposition defining the aim of a study designed to examine or characterize a particular biological feature. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000047 processed material http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000040 material entity Is a material entity that is created or changed during material processing. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000066 investigation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000011 planned process a planned process that consists of parts: planning, study design execution, documentation and which produce conclusion(s). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000067 evaluant role http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000023 role a role that inheres in a material entity that is realized in an assay in which data is generated about the bearer of the evaluant role http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000071 quantitative confidence value http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000609 measure of hypothesis testing A data item which is used to indicate the degree of uncertainty about a measurement. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000079 culture medium http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000047 processed material a processed material that provides the needed nourishment for microorganisms or cells grown in vitro. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000097 participant under investigation role http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000023 role A role that is realized through the execution of a study design in which the bearer of the role participates and in which data about that bearer is collected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000112 specimen role http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000023 role a role borne by a material entity that is gained during a specimen collection process and that can be realized by use of the specimen in an investigation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000113 sequence feature identification objective http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000015 biological feature identification objective Sequence_feature_identification_objective is a biological_feature_identification_objective role describing a study designed to examine or characterize molecular features exhibited at the level of a macromolecular sequence, e.g. nucleic acid, protein, polysaccharide. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000115 intervention design http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0500000 study design An intervention design is a study design in which a controlled process applied to the subjects (the intervention) serves as the independent variable manipulated by the experimentalist. The treatment (perturbation or intervention) defined can be defined as a combination of values taken by independent variable manipulated by the experimentalists are applied to the recruited subjects assigned (possibly by applying specific methods) to treatment groups. The specificity of intervention design is the fact that independent variables are being manipulated and a response of the biological system is evaluated via response variables as monitored by possibly a series of assays. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000118 gene list http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000100 data set A data set of the names or identifiers of genes that are the outcome of an analysis or have been put together for the purpose of an analysis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000131 molecular feature identification objective http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000015 biological feature identification objective Molecular_feature_identification_objective is a biological_feature_identification_objective role describing a study designed to examine or characterize molecular features of a biological system, e.g. expression profiling, copy number of molecular components, epigenetic modifications. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000164 cDNA library http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000731 recombinant vector Mixed population of cDNAs (complementaryDNA) made from mRNA from a defined source, usually a specific cell type. This term should be associated only to nucleic acid interactors not to their proteins product. For instance in 2h screening use living cells (MI:0349) as sample process. ALT DEF (PRS):: a cDNA library is a collection of host cells, typically E.Coli cells but not exclusively. modified by transfer of plasmid DNA molecule used as vector containing a fragment or totality of cDNA molecule (the insert) . cDNA library may have an array of role and applications. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000181 population http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000040 material entity a population is a collection of individuals from the same taxonomic class living, counted or sampled at a particular site or in a particular area http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000185 imaging assay http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000070 assay An imaging assay is an assay to produce a picture of an entity. definition_source: OBI. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000245 organization http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000040 material entity An entity that can bear roles, has members, and has a set of organization rules. Members of organizations are either organizations themselves or individual people. Members can bear specific organization member roles that are determined in the organization rules. The organization rules also determine how decisions are made on behalf of the organization by the organization members. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000272 protocol http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000104 plan specification A plan specification which has sufficient level of detail and quantitative information to communicate it between investigation agents, so that different investigation agents will reliably be able to independently reproduce the process. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000274 adding a material entity into a target http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000652 material combination is a process with the objective to place a material entity bearing the 'material to be added role' into a material bearing the 'target of material addition role'. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000275 analyte role http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0002444 measurand role A measurand role borne by a molecular entity or an atom and realized in an analyte assay which achieves the objective to measure the magnitude/concentration/amount of the analyte in the entity bearing evaluant role. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000319 material to be added role http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000023 role material to be added role is a protocol participant role realized by a material which is added into a material bearing the target of material addition role in a material addition process http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000338 drawing a conclusion based on data http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000011 planned process A planned process in which data gathered in an investigation is evaluated in the context of existing knowledge with the objective to generate more general conclusions or to conclude that the data does not allow one to draw general conclusion http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000339 planning http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000015 process a process of creating or modifying a plan specification http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000367 light emission function http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000374 excitation function A light emission function is an excitation function to excite a material to a specific excitation state that it emits light. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000370 contain function http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000034 function A contain function is a function to constrain a material entities location in space http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000371 heat function http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000034 function A heat function is a function that increases the internal kinetic energy of a material http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000372 material separation function http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000034 function A material separation function is a function that increases the resolution between two or more material entities. The to distinction between the entities is usually based on some associated physical quality. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000374 excitation function http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000034 function A excitation function is a function to inject energy by bombarding a material with energetic particles (e.g., photons) thereby imbuing internal material components such as electrons with additional energy. These internal, 'excited' particles may lead to the rupturing of covalent chemical bonds or may quickly relax back to there unexcited state with an exponential time course thereby locally emitting energy in the form of photons. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000378 filter function http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000372 material separation function A filter function is a function to prevent the flow of certain entities based on a quality or qualities of the entity while allowing entities which have different qualities to pass through http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000387 cool function http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000034 function A cool function is a function to decrease the internal kinetic energy of a material below the initial kinetic energy of that type of material. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000399 solid support function http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000034 function A solid support function is a function of a device on which an entity is kept in a defined position and prevented in its movement http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000401 environment control function http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000034 function An environmental control function is a function that regulates a contained environment within specified parameter ranges. For example the control of light exposure, humidity and temperature. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000403 sort function http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000372 material separation function A sort function is a function to distinguish material components based on some associated physical quality or entity and to partition the separate components into distinct fractions according to a defined order. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000411 cloning vector role http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000319 material to be added role A material to be added role played by a small, self-replicating DNA or RNA molecule - usually a plasmid or chromosome - and realized in a process whereby foreign DNA or RNA is inserted into the vector during the process of cloning. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000416 cloning insert role http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000023 role cloning insert role is a role which inheres in DNA or RNA and is realized by the process of being inserted into a cloning vector in a cloning process. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000425 averaging objective http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200166 data transformation objective An averaging objective is a data transformation objective where the aim is to perform mean calculations on the input of the data transformation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000427 enzyme http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000040 material entity (protein or rna) or has_part (protein or rna) and has_function some GO:0003824 (catalytic activity) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000434 adding material objective http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000686 material combination objective is the specification of an objective to add a material into a target material. The adding is asymmetric in the sense that the target material largely retains its identity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000437 analyte measurement objective http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000441 assay objective an assay objective to determine the presence or concentration of an analyte in the evaluant http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000441 assay objective http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000005 objective specification an objective specification to determine a specified type of information about an evaluated entity (the material entity bearing evaluant role) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000443 analyte assay http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000070 assay An assay with the objective to capture information about the presence, concentration, or amount of an analyte in an evaluant. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000444 target of material addition role http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000023 role target of material addition role is a role realized by an entity into which a material is added in a material addition process http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000451 normalized data set http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000100 data set A data set that is produced as the output of a normalization data transformation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000453 measure function http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000034 function Measure function is a function that is borne by a processed material and realized in a process in which information about some entity is expressed relative to some reference. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000471 study design execution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000011 planned process a planned process that carries out a study design http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000626 DNA sequencing http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0600047 sequencing assay DNA sequencing is a sequencing process which uses deoxyribonucleic acid as input and results in a the creation of DNA sequence information artifact using a DNA sequencer instrument. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000639 material separation objective http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000456 material transformation objective is an objective to transform a material entity into spatially separated components. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000649 data set of features http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000100 data set A data set that is produced as the output of a descriptive statistical calculation data transformation and consists of producing a data set that represents one or more features of interest about the input data set. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000650 differential expression analysis data transformation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200000 data transformation A differential expression analysis data transformation is a data transformation that has objective differential expression analysis and that consists of http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000652 material combination http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing is a material processing with the objective to combine two or more material entities as input into a single material entity as output. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000662 error corrected data set http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000100 data set A data set that is produced as the output of an error correction data transformation and consists of producing a data set which has had erroneous contributions from the input to the data transformation removed (corrected for). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000668 error correction data transformation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200000 data transformation An error correction data transformation is a data transformation that has the objective of error correction, where the aim is to remove (correct for) erroneous contributions from the input to the data transformation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000671 sample from organism http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001479 specimen from organism a material obtained from an organism in order to be a representative of the whole http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000673 statistical test hypothesis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200000 data transformation A statistical hypothesis test data transformation is a data transformation that has objective statistical hypothesis test. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000678 portioning objective http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000639 material separation objective A material separation objective aiming to separate material into multiple portions, each of which contains a similar composition of the input material. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000681 separation into different composition objective http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000639 material separation objective A material separation objective aiming to separate a material entity that has parts of different types, and end with at least one output that is a material with parts of fewer types (modulo impurities). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000684 specimen collection objective http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000005 objective specification A objective specification to obtain a material entity for potential use as an input during an investigation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000686 material combination objective http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000456 material transformation objective is an objective to obtain an output material that contains several input materials. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000731 recombinant vector http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000047 processed material A recombinant vector is created by a recombinant vector cloning process, and contains nucleic acids that can be amplified. It retains functions of the original cloning vector. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000737 cloning vector http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_1110108 material to be added A cloning vector is an engineered material that is used as an input material for a recombinant vector cloning process to carry inserted nucleic acids. It contains an origin of replication for a specific destination host organism, encodes for a selectable gene product and contains a cloning site. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000740 material sample role http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000112 specimen role A material sample role is a specimen role borne by a material entity that is the output of a material sampling process. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000744 material sampling process http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000659 specimen collection process A specimen gathering process with the objective to obtain a specimen that is representative of the input material entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000789 survival rate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000645 rate A rate that represents the percentage of people or animals in a study or treatment group who are alive for a given period of time after diagnosis or initiation of monitoring. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000806 material maintenance objective http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000005 objective specification An objective specification maintains some or all of the qualities of a material over time. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000811 primary structure of DNA macromolecule http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000001 region a quality of a DNA molecule that inheres in its bearer due to the order of its DNA nucleotide residues. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000832 measurement device http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A device in which a measure function inheres. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000838 material maintenance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000011 planned process a process with that achieves the objective to maintain some or all of the characteristics of an input material over time http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000848 polyA RNA extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0666666 RNA extraction A RNA extraction process typically involving the use of poly dT oligomers in which the desired output material is polyA RNA. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000861 Likelihood-ratio test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000191 goodness of fit statistical test Likelihood-ratio is a data transformation which tests whether there is evidence of the need to move from a simple model to a more complicated one (where the simple model is nested within the complicated one); tests of the goodness-of-fit between two models. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000889 survival curve http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000573 line graph A survival curve is a report graph which is a graphical representation of data where the percentage of survival is plotted as a function of time. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000916 flow cytometry assay http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001977 cytometry assay A cytometry assay in which an input cell population is put in solution, is passed by a laser, and optical sensors are used to detect scattering of the laser light and/or fluorescence of specific markers to count and characterize the particles in solution. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000924 labeled specimen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001936 molecular-labeled material A specimen that has been modified in order to be able to detect it in future experiments http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000931 study intervention http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000011 planned process the part of the execution of an intervention design study which is varied between two or more subjects in the study http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000932 material separation device http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A device with a separation function realized in a planed process http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000953 processed specimen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100051 specimen A specimen that has been intentionally physically modified. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000963 categorical label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000009 datum label A label that is part of a categorical datum and that indicates the value of the data item on the categorical scale. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000964 in live cell assay http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000070 assay An assay in which a measurement is made by observing entities located in a live cell. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000967 container http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A device that can be used to restrict the location of material entities over time http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000973 sequence data http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000109 measurement datum A measurement datum that representing the primary structure of a macromolecule(it's sequence) sometimes associated with an indicator of confidence of that measurement. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000984 dose http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000109 measurement datum A measurement datum that measures the quantity of something that may be administered to an organism or that an organism may be exposed to. Quantities of nutrients, drugs, vaccines and toxins are referred to as doses. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001010 nucleic acid extract http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000953 processed specimen An extract that is the output of an extraction process in which nucleic acid molecules are isolated from a specimen. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001032 light emission device http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device a device which has a function to emit light. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001034 environmental control device http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device An environmental control device is a device which has the function to control some aspect of the environment such as temperature, or humidity. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001172 dose response curve http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000573 line graph A data item of paired values, one indicating the dose of a material, the other quantitating a measured effect at that dose. The dosing intervals are chosen so that effect values be interpolated by a plotting a curve. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001225 genetic population background information http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001404 genetic characteristics information a genetic characteristics information which is a part of genotype information that identifies the population of organisms http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001265 FWER adjusted p-value http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000662 error corrected data set A quantitative confidence value resulting from a multiple testing error correction method which adjusts the p-value used as input to control for Type I error in the context of multiple pairwise tests http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001305 genotype information http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001404 genetic characteristics information a genetic characteristics information that is about the genetic material of an organism and minimally includes information about the genetic background and can in addition contain information about specific alleles, genetic modifications, etc. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001331 transcription profiling identification objective http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000131 molecular feature identification objective A molecular feature identification objective that aims to characterize the abundance of transcripts http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001352 allele information http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001364 genetic alteration information a genetic alteration information that about one of two or more alternative forms of a gene or marker sequence and differing from other alleles at one or more mutational sites based on sequence. Polymorphisms are included in this definition. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001364 genetic alteration information http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001404 genetic characteristics information a genetic characteristics information that is about known changes or the lack thereof from the genetic background, including allele information, duplication, insertion, deletion, etc. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001404 genetic characteristics information http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000027 data item a data item that is about genetic material including polymorphisms, disease alleles, and haplotypes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001444 genotyping design http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0500000 study design A study design that classifies an individual or group of individuals on the basis of alleles, haplotypes, SNPs. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001501 fluorescence detection assay http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000070 assay An assay in which a material's fluorescence is determined. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001554 rate measurement datum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000032 scalar measurement datum A scalar measurement datum that represents the number of events occuring over a time interval http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001573 DNA sequence data http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000973 sequence data A sequence data item that is about the primary structure of DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001834 drawing a conclusion http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000011 planned process A planned process in which new information is inferred from existing information. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001865 assay array http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 device A device made to be used in an analyte assay for immobilization of substances that bind the analyte at regular spatial positions on a surface. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001909 conclusion based on data http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000030 information content entity An information content entity that is inferred from data. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001912 cell freezing medium http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000047 processed material A processed material that serves as a liquid vehicle for freezing cells for long term quiescent stroage, which contains chemicls needed to sustain cell viability across freeze-thaw cycles. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001930 categorical value specification http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001933 value specification A value specification that is specifies one category out of a fixed number of nominal categories http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001931 scalar value specification http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001933 value specification A value specification that consists of two parts: a numeral and a unit label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001933 value specification http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000030 information content entity An information content entity that specifies a value within a classification scheme or on a quantitative scale. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001936 molecular-labeled material http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000047 processed material a material entity that is the specified output of an addition of molecular label process that aims to label some molecular target to allow for its detection in a detection of molecular label assay http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001977 cytometry assay http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000070 assay An assay that measures properties of cells. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0002089 physical store http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001034 environmental control device A container with an environmental control function. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100026 organism http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000040 material entity A material entity that is an individual living system, such as animal, plant, bacteria or virus, that is capable of replicating or reproducing, growth and maintenance in the right environment. An organism may be unicellular or made up, like humans, of many billions of cells divided into specialized tissues and organs. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100051 specimen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000040 material entity A material entity that has the specimen role. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100064 screening library http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000047 processed material a screening library is a collection of materials engineered to identify qualities of a subset of its members during a screening process? http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200031 differential expression analysis objective http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200166 data transformation objective A differential expression analysis objective is a data transformation objective whose input consists of expression levels of entities (such as transcripts or proteins), or of sets of such expression levels, under two or more conditions and whose output reflects which of these are likely to have different expression across such conditions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200036 Benjamini and Hochberg false discovery rate correction method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200163 false discovery rate correction method A data transformation process in which the Benjamini and Hochberg method sequential p-value procedure is applied with the aim of correcting false discovery rate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200041 k-means clustering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200175 class discovery data transformation A k-means clustering is a data transformation which achieves a class discovery or partitioning objective, which takes as input a collection of objects (represented as points in multidimensional space) and which partitions them into a specified number k of clusters. The algorithm attempts to find the centers of natural clusters in the data. The most common form of the algorithm starts by partitioning the input points into k initial sets, either at random or using some heuristic data. It then calculates the mean point, or centroid, of each set. It constructs a new partition by associating each point with the closest centroid. Then the centroids are recalculated for the new clusters, and the algorithm repeated by alternate applications of these two steps until convergence, which is obtained when the points no longer switch clusters (or alternatively centroids are no longer changed). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200042 hierarchical clustering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200175 class discovery data transformation A hierarchical clustering is a data transformation which achieves a class discovery objective, which takes as input data item and builds a hierarchy of clusters. The traditional representation of this hierarchy is a tree (visualized by a dendrogram), with the individual input objects at one end (leaves) and a single cluster containing every object at the other (root). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200043 average linkage hierarchical clustering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200154 agglomerative hierarchical clustering An average linkage hierarchical clustering is an agglomerative hierarchical clustering which generates successive clusters based on a distance measure, where the distance between two clusters is calculated as the average distance between objects from the first cluster and objects from the second cluster. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200044 complete linkage hierarchical clustering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200154 agglomerative hierarchical clustering an agglomerative hierarchical clustering which generates successive clusters based on a distance measure, where the distance between two clusters is calculated as the maximum distance between objects from the first cluster and objects from the second cluster. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200045 single linkage hierarchical clustering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200154 agglomerative hierarchical clustering A single linkage hierarchical clustering is an agglomerative hierarchical clustering which generates successive clusters based on a distance measure, where the distance between two clusters is calculated as the minimum distance between objects from the first cluster and objects from the second cluster. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200049 Benjamini and Yekutieli false discovery rate correction method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200163 false discovery rate correction method A data transformation in which the Benjamini and Yekutieli method is applied with the aim of correcting false discovery rate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200066 Holm-Bonferroni family-wise error rate correction method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200073 family wise error rate correction method a data transformation that performs more than one hypothesis test simultaneously, a closed-test procedure, that controls the familywise error rate for all the k hypotheses at level α in the strong sense. Objective: multiple testing correction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200078 descriptive statistical calculation objective http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200166 data transformation objective A descriptive statistical calculation objective is a data transformation objective which concerns any calculation intended to describe a feature of a data set, for example, its center or its variability. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200094 logarithmic transformation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200169 normalization data transformation A logarithmic transformation is a data transformation consisting in the application of the logarithm function with a given base a (where a>0 and a is not equal to 1) to a (one dimensional) positive real number input. The logarithm function with base a can be defined as the inverse of the exponential function with the same base. See e.g. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithm. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200102 regression analysis method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200000 data transformation Regression analysis is a descriptive statistics technique that examines the relation of a dependent variable (response variable) to specified independent variables (explanatory variables). Regression analysis can be used as a descriptive method of data analysis (such as curve fitting) without relying on any assumptions about underlying processes generating the data. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200104 principal component regression http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200175 class discovery data transformation The Principal Component Regression method is a regression analysis method that combines the Principal Component Analysis (PCA)spectral decomposition with an Inverse Least Squares (ILS) regression method to create a quantitative model for complex samples. Unlike quantitation methods based directly on Beer's Law which attempt to calculate the absorbtivity coefficients for the constituents of interest from a direct regression of the constituent concentrations onto the spectroscopic responses, the PCR method regresses the concentrations on the PCA scores. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200117 mode calculation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200184 descriptive statistical calculation data transformation A mode calculation is a descriptive statistics calculation in which the mode is calculated which is the most common value in a data set. It is most often used as a measure of center for discrete data. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200119 median calculation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200184 descriptive statistical calculation data transformation A median calculation is a descriptive statistics calculation in which the midpoint of the data set (the 0.5 quantile) is calculated. First, the observations are sorted in increasing order. For an odd number of observations, the median is the middle value of the sorted data. For an even number of observations, the median is the average of the two middle values. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200166 data transformation objective http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000005 objective specification An objective specification to transformation input data into output data http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200167 data normalization objective http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200166 data transformation objective A normalization objective is a data transformation objective where the aim is to remove systematic sources of variation to put the data on equal footing in order to create a common base for comparisons. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200168 correction objective http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200166 data transformation objective A correction objective is a data transformation objective where the aim is to correct for error, noise or other impairments to the input of the data transformation or derived from the data transformation itself http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200169 normalization data transformation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200000 data transformation A normalization data transformation is a data transformation that has objective normalization. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200170 averaging data transformation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200000 data transformation An averaging data transformation is a data transformation that has objective averaging. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200171 partitioning data transformation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200000 data transformation A partitioning data transformation is a data transformation that has objective partitioning. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200172 partitioning objective http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200166 data transformation objective A partitioning objective is a data transformation objective where the aim is to generate a collection of disjoint non-empty subsets whose union equals a non-empty input set. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200177 center calculation objective http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200166 data transformation objective A center calculation objective is a data transformation objective where the aim is to calculate the center of an input data set. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200181 center calculation data transformation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200000 data transformation A center calculation data transformation is a data transformation that has objective of center calculation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200184 descriptive statistical calculation data transformation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200000 data transformation A descriptive statistical calculation data transformation is a data transformation that has objective descriptive statistical calculation and which concerns any calculation intended to describe a feature of a data set, for example, its center or its variability. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200186 error correction objective http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200168 correction objective An error correction objective is a data transformation objective where the aim is to remove (correct for) erroneous contributions arising from the input data, or the transformation itself. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200191 gene list visualization http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200111 data visualization Adata visualization which has input of a gene list and produces an output of a report graph which is capable of rendering data of this type. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200194 survival analysis data transformation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200000 data transformation A data transformation which has the objective of performing survival analysis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200200 chi square test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000673 statistical test hypothesis The chi-square test is a data transformation with the objective of statistical hypothesis testing, in which the sampling distribution of the test statistic is a chi-square distribution when the null hypothesis is true, or any in which this is asymptotically true, meaning that the sampling distribution (if the null hypothesis is true) can be made to approximate a chi-square distribution as closely as desired by making the sample size large enough. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0300311 observation design http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0500000 study design observation design is a study design in which subjects are monitored in the absence of any active intervention by experimentalists. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0302884 extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0600014 material component separation A material separation in which a desired component of an input material is separated from the remainder http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0302900 group randomization http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0600015 group assignment A group assignment which relies on chance to assign materials to a group of materials in order to avoid bias in experimental set up. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0302903 nucleic acid hybridization http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing a planned process by which totally or partially complementary, single-stranded nucleic acids are combined into a single molecule called heteroduplex or homoduplex to an extent depending on the amount of complementarity. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0400044 flow cytometer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0400137 cytometer A flow_cytometer is an instrument for counting, examining and sorting microscopic particles in suspension. It allows simultaneous multiparametric analysis of the physical and/or chemical characteristics of single cells flowing through an optical and/or electronic detection apparatus. A flow cytometer is an instrument that can be used to quantitatively measure the properties of individual cells in a flowing medium. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0400065 light source http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001032 light emission device A light source is an optical subsystem that provides light for use in a distant area using a delivery system (e.g., fiber optics). Light sources may include one of a variety of lamps (e.g., xenon, halogen, mercury). Most light sources are operated from line power, but some may be powered from batteries. They are mostly used in endoscopic, microscopic, and other examination and/or in surgical procedures. The light source is part of the optical subsystem. In a flow cytometer the light source directs high intensity light at particles at the interrogation point. The light source in a flow cytometer is usually a laser. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0400078 obscuration bar http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000932 material separation device An obscuration bar is a an optical subsystem which is a strip of metal or other material that serves to block out direct light from the illuminating beam. The obscuration bar prevents the bright light scattered in the forward directions from burning out the collection device. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0400079 optical filter http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000932 material separation device An optical filter is an optical subsystem that selectively transmits light having certain properties (often, a particular range of wavelengths, that is, range of colours of light), while blocking the remainder. They are commonly used in photography, in many optical instruments, and to colour stage lighting Optical filters can be arranged to segregate and collect light by wave length. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0400082 photodetector http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000832 measurement device A photodetector is a device used to detect and measure the intensity of radiant energy through photoelectric action. In a cytometer, photodetectors measure either the number of photons of laser light scattered on impact with a cell (for example), or the flourescence emitted by excitation of a fluorescent dye. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0400103 DNA sequencer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000832 measurement device A DNA sequencer is an instrument that determines the order of deoxynucleotides in deoxyribonucleic acid sequences. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0400110 hybridization chamber http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0002089 physical store A device which is used to maintain constant contact of a liquid on an array. This can be either a glass vial or slide. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0400137 cytometer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000832 measurement device A cytometer is an instrument for counting and measuring cells. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0400147 microarray http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001865 assay array A processed material that is made to be used in an analyte assay. It consists of a physical immobilisation matrix in which substances that bind the analyte are placed in regular spatial position. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0400153 droplet sorter http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000932 material separation device A droplet sorter is part_of a flow cytometer sorter that converts the carrier fluid stream into individual droplets, and these droplets are directed into separate locations for recovery (enriching the original sample for particles of interest based on qualities determined by gating) or disposal. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0500002 repeated measure design http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0500000 study design a study design which use the same individuals and exposure them to a set of conditions. The effect of order and practice can be confounding factor in such designs http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0500003 cross over design http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000046 block design a repeated measure design which ensures that experimental units receive, in sequence, the treatment (or the control), and then, after a specified time interval (aka *wash-out periods*), switch to the control (or treatment). In this design, subjects (patients in human context) serve as their own controls, and randomization may be used to determine the ordering which a subject receives the treatment and control http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0500005 matched pairs design http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000046 block design A matched pair design is a study design which use groups of individuals associated (hence matched) to each other based on a set of criteria, one member going to one treatment, the other member receiving the other treatment. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0500007 randomized complete block design http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000046 block design A randomized complete block design is_a study design which assigns randomly treatments to block. The number of units per block equals the number of treatment so each block receives each treatment exactly once (hence the qualifier 'complete'). The design was originally devised from field trials used in agronomy and agriculture. The analysis assumes that there is no interaction between block and treatment. The method was then used in other settings So The randomised complete block design is a design in which the subjects are matched according to a variable which the experimenter wishes to control. The subjects are put into groups (blocks) of the same size as the number of treatments. The members of each block are then randomly assigned to different treatment groups. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0500011 latin square design http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0500007 randomized complete block design Latin square design is_a study design which allows in its simpler form controlling 2 levels of nuisance variables (also known as blocking variables).he 2 nuisance factors are divided into a tabular grid with the property that each row and each column receive each treatment exactly once. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0500012 graeco latin square design http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0500007 randomized complete block design Greco-Latin square design is a study design which relates to Latin square design http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0500013 hyper graeco latin square design http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0500007 randomized complete block design PRS to do http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0500014 factorial design http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0500000 study design factorial design is_a study design which is used to evaluate two or more factors simultaneously. The treatments are combinations of levels of the factors. The advantages of factorial designs over one-factor-at-a-time experiments is that they are more efficient and they allow interactions to be detected. In statistics, a factorial design experiment is an experiment whose design consists of two or more factors, each with discrete possible values or levels, and whose experimental units take on all possible combinations of these levels across all such factors. Such an experiment allows studying the effect of each factor on the response variable, as well as the effects of interactions between factors on the response variable. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0500015 2x2 factorial design http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000270 full factorial design a factorial design which has 2 experimental factors (aka independent variables) and 2 factor levels per experimental factors http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0500016 fractional factorial design http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0500014 factorial design A fractional factorial design is_a study design in which only an adequately chosen fraction of the treatment combinations required for the complete factorial experiment is selected to be run http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0500017 dye swap design http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000046 block design An experiment design type where the label orientations are reversed. exact synonym: flip dye, dye flip http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0500020 time series design http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0500000 study design Groups of assays that are related as part of a time series. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0600005 collecting specimen from organism http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000659 specimen collection process a process with the objective to obtain a material entity that was part of an organism for potential future use in an investigation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0600014 material component separation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing a material processing in which components of an input material become segregated in space http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0600024 maintaining cell culture http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000838 material maintenance a protocol application in which cells are kept alive in a defined environment outside of an organism. part of cell_culturing http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0600036 establishing cell culture http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing a process through which a new type of cell culture or cell line is created, either through the isolation and culture of one or more cells from a fresh source, or the deliberate experimental modification of an existing cell culture (e.g passaging a primary culture to become a secondary culture or line, or the immortalization or stable genetic modification of an existing culture or line). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0600047 sequencing assay http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000070 assay the use of a chemical or biochemical means to infer the sequence of a biomaterial http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0666666 RNA extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0666667 nucleic acid extraction A RNA extraction is a nucleic acid extraction where the desired output material is RNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0666667 nucleic acid extraction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0302884 extraction a material separation to recover the nucleic acid fraction of an input material http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_1110108 material to be added http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000040 material entity a material that is added to another one in a material combination process http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_1110109 target of material addition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000040 material entity A material entity into which another is being added in a material combinatino process http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGMS_0000023 phenotype http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000019 quality A (combination of) quality(ies) of an organism determined by the interaction of its genetic make-up and environment that differentiates specific instances of a species from other instances of the same species. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PATO_0000018 fluorescence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000016 disposition A luminous flux quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's emitting longer wavelength light following the absorption of shorter wavelength radiation; fluorescence is common with aromatic compounds with several rings joined together. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PATO_0000122 length http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000019 quality A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the distance between two points. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PATO_0000125 mass http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000019 quality A physical quality that inheres in a bearer by virtue of the proportion of the bearer's amount of matter. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000000001 protein http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16670 peptide An amino acid chain that is produced de novo by ribosome-mediated translation of a genetically-encoded mRNA. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UO_0000001 length unit http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000003 measurement unit label A unit which is a standard measure of the distance between two points. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UO_0000002 mass unit http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000003 measurement unit label A unit which is a standard measure of the amount of matter/energy of a physical object. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UO_0000003 time unit http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000003 measurement unit label A unit which is a standard measure of the dimension in which events occur in sequence. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000017 Wilk's lambda distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000225 probability distribution Wilks' lambda distribution (named for Samuel S. Wilks), is a probability distribution used in multivariate hypothesis testing, especially with regard to the likelihood-ratio test and Multivariate analysis of variance. It is a multivariate generalization of the univariate F-distribution, and generalizes the F-distribution in the same way that the Hotelling's T-squared distribution generalizes Student's t-distribution. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000057 null hypothesis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000065 hypothesis A null hypothesis is a statistical hypothesis that is tested for possible rejection under the assumption that it is true (usually that observations are the result of chance). The concept was introduced by R. A. Fisher. The hypothesis contrary to the null hypothesis, usually that the observations are the result of a real effect, is known as the alternative hypothesis.[wolfram alpha] http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000060 hypergeometric distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000117 discrete probability distribution hypergeometric distribution is a probability distribution that describes the probability of k successes in n draws from a finite population of size N containing K successes without replacement http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000066 Cleveland dot plot http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000037 dot plot Cleveland dot plot is a dot plot which plots points that each belong to one of several categories. They are an alternative to bar charts or pie charts, and look somewhat like a horizontal bar chart where the bars are replaced by a dots at the values associated with each category. Compared to (vertical) bar charts and pie charts, Cleveland argues that dot plots allow more accurate interpretation of the graph by readers by making the labels easier to read, reducing non-data ink (or graph clutter) and supporting table look-up.which http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000075 rarefaction curve http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000573 line graph a rarefaction curve is a graph used for estimating species richness in ecology studies http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000103 multinomial distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000117 discrete probability distribution the multinomial distribution is a probability distribution which gives the probability of any particular combination of numbers of successes for various categories defined in the context of n independent trials each of which leads to a success for exactly one of k categories, with each category having a given fixed success probability. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000112 Funnel plot http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000184 scatter plot a Funnel plot is a scatter plot of treatment effect versus a measure of study size and aims to provide a visual aid to detecting bias or systematic heterogeneity. A symmetric inverted funnel shape arises from a ‘well-behaved’ data set, in which publication bias is unlikely. An asymmetric funnel indicates a relationship between treatment effect and study size. Known caveats: If high precision studies really are different from low precision studies with respect to effect size (e.g., due to different populations examined) a funnel plot may give a wrong impression of publication bias. The appearance of the funnel plot can change quite dramatically depending on the scale on the y-axis — whether it is the inverse square error or the trial size. Funnel plot was introduced by Light and Palmer in 1984. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000120 bean plot http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000038 graph beanplot is a plot in which (one or) multiple batches ("beans") are shown. Each bean consists of a density trace, which is mirrored to form a polygon shape. Next to that, a one-dimensional scatter plot shows all the individual measurements, like in a stripchart. The name beanplot stems from green beans. The density shape can be seen as the pod of a green bean, while the scatter plot shows the seeds inside the pod. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000122 pedigree chart http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000038 graph a pedigree chart is a graph which plots parent child relations http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000125 Wilkinson dot plot http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000037 dot plot The dot plot as a representation of a distribution consists of group of data points plotted on a simple scale. Dot plots are used for continuous, quantitative, univariate data. Data points may be labelled if there are few of them. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000126 volcano plot http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000184 scatter plot volcano plot is a kind of scatter plot which graphs the negative log of the p-value (significance) on the y-axis versus log2 of fold-change between 2 conditions on the x-axis. It is a popular method for visualizing differential occurence of variables between 2 conditions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000128 Altman box and whisker plot http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000243 box and whisker plot Altman Box and Whisker plot is a variation of Tukey Box and Whisker plot which use the criteria of Altman to create the 'whisker' of the plot. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000132 Hotelling T2 distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000225 probability distribution Hotelling T squared distribution is a probability distribution used in multivariate hypothesis testing, which is a univariate distribution proportional to the F-distribution and arises importantly as the distribution of a set of statistics which are natural generalizations of the statistics underlying Student's t-distribution. In particular, the distribution arises in multivariate statistics in undertaking tests of the differences between the (multivariate) means of different populations, where tests for univariate problems would make use of a t-test. The distribution is named for Harold Hotelling, who developed it[1] as a generalization of Student's t-distribution. This distribution is commonly used to describe the sample Mahalanobis distance between two populations. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000145 geometric distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000283 negative binomial distribution the geometric distribution is a negative binomial distribution where r is 1. It is useful for modeling the runs of consecutive successes (or failures) in repeated independent trials of a system. The geometric distribution models the number of successes before one failure in an independent succession of tests where each test results in success or failure. The geometric distribution with prob = p has density p(x) = p (1-p)^x for x = 0, 1, 2, …, 0 < p ≤ 1. If an element of x is not integer, the result of dgeom is zero, with a warning. The quantile is defined as the smallest value x such that F(x) ≥ p, where F is the distribution function. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000147 LD plot http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000038 graph Linkage Disequilibrium plot is a graph which represents pairwise linkage disequilibrium measures between SNP as a heatmap http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000154 violin plot http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000038 graph a violin plot is a plot combining the features of box plot and kernel density plot. The violin plot is therefore similar to box plot but it incorporated in the display the probability density of the data at different values. Typically violin plots will include a marker for the median of the data and a box indicating the interquartile range, as in standard box plots. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000159 stacked bar chart http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000166 bar chart Stacked bar chart is a bar which is used to compare overall quantities across items while showing the contribution of category to the total amount. Stacked bar chart can be used for highlighting the total as they visually aggregate all of the categories in a group while indicating a part to whole relationship. The downside is that it becomes harder to compare the sizes of the individual categories. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000165 pie chart http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000038 graph a pie chart is a graph in which a circular graph is divided into sector illustrating numerical proportion, meaning that the arc length of each sector (and consequently its central angle and area), is proportional to the quantity it represents. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000166 bar chart http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000038 graph the bart chart is a graph resulting from plotting rectangular bars with lengths proportional to the values that they represent. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000168 real time quantitative pcr plot http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000573 line graph a real time quantitative pcr plot is a line graph which plots the signal fluorescence intensity as a function of the number of PCR cycle http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000171 Spear box and whisker plot http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000243 box and whisker plot Spear Box and Whisker plot is a variation of Tukey Box and Whisker plot which use the criteria of Spear to create the 'whisker' of the plot. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000174 Forest plot http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000038 graph A forest plot is a graph designed to illustrate the relative strength of treatment effects in multiple quantitative scientific studies addressing the same question. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000177 beta distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000067 continuous probability distribution the beta distribution is a continuous probability distributions defined on the interval [0, 1] parametrized by two positive shape parameters, denoted by α and β, that appear as exponents of the random variable and control the shape of the distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000180 standard normal distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000227 normal distribution standard normal distribution is a normal distribution with variance = 1 and mean=0 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000186 Lineweaver-Burk plot http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000038 graph Lineweaver-Burk plot is a graph which is the graphical representation of the Lineweaver–Burk equation of enzyme kinetics, described by Hans Lineweaver and Dean Burk in 1934. The plot provides a useful graphical method for analysis of the Michaelis–Menten equation. It was widely used to determine important terms in enzymology and enzyme kinetics as the x-intercept of the graph represents −1/Km and the y-intercept of such a graph is equivalent to the inverse of Vmax http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000219 RT-PCR standard curve http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000573 line graph a real time pcr standard curve is a line graph which plots the fluorescence intensity signal as a function of the concentration of a sample used as reference and used to determine relative abundance of test samples http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000241 Q-Q plot http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000038 graph Q-Q plot or quantile-quantile plot is the output of a graphical method for comparing two probability distributions by plotting their quantiles against each other http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000256 manhattan plot for gwas http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000184 scatter plot a manhattan plot for gwas is a kind of scatter plot used to facilitate presentation of genome-wide association study (GWAS) data. Genomic coordinates are displayed along the X-axis, with the negative logarithm of the association P-value for each single nucleotide polymorphism displayed on the Y-axis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000262 Bernoulli distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000276 binomial distribution Bernoulli distribution is a binomial distribution where the number of trials is equal to 1. notation: B(1,p) The mean is p The variance is p*q http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000263 Galbraith plot http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000184 scatter plot Galbraith (Radial) plot is a scatter plot which can be used in the meta-analytic context to examine the data for heterogeneity. For a fixed-effects model, the plot shows the inverse of the standard errors on the horizontal axis against the individual observed effect sizes or outcomes standardized by their corresponding standard errors on the vertical axis. Radial plots were introduced by Rex Galbraith (1988a, 1988b, 1994). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000267 grouped bar chart http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000166 bar chart grouped bar chart is a kind of bar chart which juxtaposes the discrete values for each of the possible value of a given categorical variable, thus providing within group comparison. Grouped bar charts are good for comparing between each element in the categories, and comparing elements across categories. However, the grouping can make it harder to tell the difference between the total of each group. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000010 quality measure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BMONT_0000081 metric An information content entity that assesses a certain aspect of healthcare quality, typically by defining the assessment content, the assessment objects, the assessment time period, and the expected areas for improvement. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000038 desired direction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000030 information content entity An information content entity that characterizes a performance measure by specifying the intended direction of change. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000016 message history information http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000030 information content entity Message history information is an information content entity that represents number of counts from the past delivery or transmission records of a message, such as how recently a message was sent ot how frequently it has recurred. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000004 motivating information http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000107 performance content Motivating information is performance content that hold motivational potential. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000009 obsolete_ascribee http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#ObsoleteClass Obsolete Class An information content entity that is about an entity that is ascribed a performance value. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000030 approach information http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000004 motivating information Approach information is motivating information about an positive trend and a negative comparison. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000032 process measure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000010 quality measure A quality measure that evaluates the extent to which specified healthcare processes, actions, or care delivery activities are performed as intended. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000033 outcome measure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000010 quality measure A quality measure that measures the ultimate impact of care on the patient's health status, including the severity of the patient's condition, socioeconomic status, and factors outside the healthcare system. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991 deoxyribonucleic acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33696 nucleic acid High molecular weight, linear polymers, composed of nucleotides containing deoxyribose and linked by phosphodiester bonds; DNA contain the genetic information of organisms. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33696 nucleic acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839 macromolecule A macromolecule made up of nucleotide units and hydrolysable into certain pyrimidine or purine bases (usually adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, uracil), D-ribose or 2-deoxy-D-ribose and phosphoric acid. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000000 cell http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000040 material entity A material entity of anatomical origin (part of or deriving from an organism) that has as its parts a maximally connected cell compartment surrounded by a plasma membrane. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000010 cultured cell http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000578 experimentally modified cell in vitro A cell in vitro that is or has been maintained or propagated as part of a cell culture. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000578 experimentally modified cell in vitro http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000000 cell A cell in vitro that has undergone physical changes as a consequence of a deliberate and specific experimental procedure. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000438 log normal distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000067 continuous probability distribution a log-normal (or lognormal) distribution is a continuous probability distribution of a random variable whose logarithm is normally distributed. Thus, if the random variable {\displaystyle X} X is log-normally distributed, then {\displaystyle Y=\ln(X)} Y=\ln(X) has a normal distribution. Likewise, if {\displaystyle Y} Y has a normal distribution, then {\displaystyle X=\exp(Y)} X=\exp(Y) has a log-normal distribution. A random variable which is log-normally distributed takes only positive real values. The distribution is occasionally referred to as the Galton distribution or Galton's distribution, after Francis Galton. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000703 posterior probability http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000039 statistic A statistic that represents the likelihood of a parameter of interest, after updating its prior probability with the observed data from the study. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16670 peptide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839 macromolecule Amide derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another with formal loss of water. The term is usually applied to structures formed from alpha-amino acids, but it includes those derived from any amino carboxylic acid. X = OH, OR, NH2, NHR, etc. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33697 ribonucleic acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33696 nucleic acid High molecular weight, linear polymers, composed of nucleotides containing ribose and linked by phosphodiester bonds; RNA is central to the synthesis of proteins. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000465 material anatomical entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000040 material entity Anatomical entity that has mass. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000477 anatomical cluster http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000040 material entity Anatomical group that has its parts adjacent to one another. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000209 area under curve http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000039 statistic area under curve is a measurement datum which corresponds to the surface define by the x-axis and bound by the line graph represented in a 2 dimensional plot resulting from an integration or integrative calculus. The interpretation of this measurement datum depends on the variables plotted in the graph http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000009 cartesian coordinate system http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000010 coordinate system A Cartesian coordinate system is a coordinate system that specifies each point uniquely in a plane by a pair of numerical coordinates, which are the signed distances from the point to two fixed perpendicular directed lines, measured in the same unit of length. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000010 coordinate system http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000030 information content entity In geometry, a coordinate system is a system which uses one or more numbers, or coordinates, to uniquely determine the position of a point or other geometric element on a manifold such as Euclidean space. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000013 two dimensional cartesian coordinate system http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000009 cartesian coordinate system a 2 dimensional cartesian coordinate system is a cartesian coordinate system which defines 2 orthogonal one dimensional axes and which may be used to describe a 2 dimensional spatial region. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000014 spherical coordinate system http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000010 coordinate system In mathematics, a spherical coordinate system is a coordinate system for three-dimensional space where the position of a point is specified by three numbers: the radial distance of that point from a fixed origin, its polar angle measured from a fixed zenith direction, and the azimuth angle of its orthogonal projection on a reference plane that passes through the origin and is orthogonal to the zenith, measured from a fixed reference direction on that plane. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000015 cylindrical coordinate system http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000010 coordinate system A cylindrical coordinate system is a three-dimensional coordinate system that specifies point positions by the distance from a chosen reference axis, the direction from the axis relative to a chosen reference direction, and the distance from a chosen reference plane perpendicular to the axis. The latter distance is given as a positive or negative number depending on which side of the reference plane faces the point. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000016 polar coordinate system http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000010 coordinate system In mathematics, the polar coordinate system is a two-dimensional coordinate system in which each point on a plane is determined by a distance from a fixed point and an angle from a fixed direction. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000022 one dimensional cartesian coordinate system http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000009 cartesian coordinate system A one dimensional cartesian coordinate system is a cartesian coordinate system which defines a one dimensional axis and which may be used to describe a one dimensional spatial region, i.e. a straight line. It is defined by a point O, the origin, a unit of length and the orientation for the one dimensional space. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000024 three dimensional cartesian coordinate system http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000009 cartesian coordinate system a three dimensional cartesian coordinate system is a cartesian coordinate system which defines 3 orthogonal one dimensional axes and which may be used to describe a 3 dimensional spatial region. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000047 count http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000039 statistic a count is a data item denoted by an integer and representing the number of instances or occurences of an entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000050 signal to noise ratio http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000184 ratio signal to noise ratio is a measurement datum comparing the amount of meaningful, useful or interesting data (the signal) to the amount of irrelevant or false data (the noise). Depending on the field and domain of application, different variables will be used to determinate a 'signal to noise ratio'. In statistics, the definition of signal to noise ratio is the ratio of the mean of a measurement to its standard deviation. It thus corresponds to the inverse of the coefficient of variation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000053 false positive rate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000607 proportion a false positive rate is a data item which accounts for the proportion of incorrect rejection of a true null hypothesis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000055 chromosome coordinate system http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000197 genomic coordinate system chromosome coordinate system is a genomic coordinate which uses chromosome of a particular assembly build process to define start and end positions. This coordinate system is unstable and will change with each new genome sequence assembly build. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000064 sequence read count http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000047 count sequence read count is a data item determining how many sequence reads have been generated by a DNA sequencing assay for a given stretch of DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000069 number of degrees of freedom http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000047 count The number degree of freedom is a count evaluating the number of values in a calculation that can vary. In statistics, the number of degrees of freedom ν is equal to N-1 in the case of the direct measurement of a quantity estimated by the arithmetic mean of N independent observations. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000071 reaction rate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000645 rate reaction rate is a measurement datum which represents the speed of a chemical reaction turning reactive species into product species of event (i.e the number of such conversions)s occuring over a time interval http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000087 polychotomous variable http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000252 categorical variable a polychotomous variable is a categorical variable which is defined to have minimally 2 categories or possible values http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000090 dichotomous variable http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000087 polychotomous variable a dichotomous variable is a categorical variable which is defined to have only 2 categories or possible values http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000169 fold change http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000300 dimensionless ratio Fold change is a number describing how much a quantity changes going from an initial to a final value or one condition to another condition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000182 odds ratio http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000622 ratio-based measure of association Odds ratio is a ratio that measures effect size, that is the strength of association between 2 dichotomous variables, one describing an exposure and one describing an outcome. It represents the odds that an outcome will occur given a particular exposure, compared to the odds of the outcome occurring in the absence of that exposure ( the probability of the event occuring divided by the probability of an event not occurring). The odds ratio is a ratio of describing the strength of association or non-independence between two binary data values by forming the ratio of the odds for the first group and the odds for the second group. Odds ratio are used when one wants to compare the odds of something occurring to two different groups. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000184 ratio http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000039 statistic A ratio is a data item which is formed with two numbers r and s is written r/s, where r is the numerator and s is the denominator. The ratio of r to s is equivalent to the quotient r/s. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000197 genomic coordinate system http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000010 coordinate system a genomic coordinate system is a coordinate system to describe position of sequence on a genomic scaffold (assembly of chromosome, contig....) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000210 channel1/channel2 fluorescence intensity ratio http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000169 fold change is a data item formed by dividing the fluorescence intensity obtained in one channel to that obtained in the other channel, typically the case when considering 2-color microarray data when imaging is done for Cy3 and Cy5 dyes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000220 false negative rate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000607 proportion the false negative rate is a data item which denotes the proportion of missed detection of elements known to be meeting the detection criteria http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000232 number of PCR cycle http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000047 count number of PCR cycle is a count which enumerates how many iterations of 'annealing, renaturation, amplification,' rounds (or cycles) are performed during a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or an assay relying on PCR. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000251 continuous variable http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000258 variable A continuous variable is one for which, within the limits the variable ranges, any value is possible. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000254 allele frequency http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000184 ratio The allele frequency is a data item which denotes the incidence of a gene variant in a population. It is calculated as a ratio, by dividing the number of copies of a particular allele by the number of copies of all alleles at the genetic place (locus) in a population. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000258 variable http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000027 data item a variable is a data item which can assume any of a set of values, either as determined by an agent or as randomly occuring through observation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000300 dimensionless ratio http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000184 ratio A ratio where the numerator and denominator are expressed in the same unit. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000002 digital file http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000030 information content entity an electronic file is an information content entity which conforms to a specification or format and which is meant to hold data and information in digital form, accessible to software agents http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000003 balanced design http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0500000 study design a balanced design is a an experimental design where all experimental group have the an equal number of subject observations http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000005 single factor design http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0500000 study design a single factor design is a study design which declares exactly 1 independent variable http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000006 x-axis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000011 cartesian coordinate axis x-axis is a cartesian coordinate axis which is orthogonal to the y-axis and the z-axis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000007 axis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000573 line graph an axis is a line graph used as reference line for the measurement of coordinates. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000008 y-axis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000011 cartesian coordinate axis y-axis is a cartesian coordinate axis which is orthogonal to the x-axis and the z-axis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000012 z-axis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000011 cartesian coordinate axis z-axis is a cartesian coordinate axis which is orthogonal to the x-axis and the y-axis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000018 three dimensional cartesian spatial coordinate origin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000026 cartesian spatial coordinate origin A cartesian spatial coordinate datum chosen as a fixed point of reference in a three dimensional spatial region. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000019 normal distribution hypothesis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000058 goodness of fit hypothesis normal distribution hypothesis is a goodness of fit hypothesis stating that the distribution computed from the sample population fits a normal distribution. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000020 two dimensional cartesian spatial coordinate origin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000026 cartesian spatial coordinate origin A cartesian spatial coordinate datum chosen as a fixed point of reference in a two dimensional spatial region. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000021 90% confidence interval http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000196 confidence interval a confidence interval which covers 90% of the sampling distribution, meaning that there is a 90% risk of false positive (type I error) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000025 one dimensional cartesian spatial coordinate origin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000026 cartesian spatial coordinate origin A cartesian spatial coordinate datum chosen as a fixed point of reference in a one dimensional spatial region. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000026 cartesian spatial coordinate origin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000400 cartesian spatial coordinate datum A cartesian spatial coordinate datum chosen as a fixed point of reference in a spatial region. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000028 measure of dispersion http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000039 statistic measure of variation or statistical dispersion is a data item which describes how much a theoritical distribution or dataset is spread. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000029 measure of central tendency http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000039 statistic a measure of central tendency is a data item which attempts to describe a set of data by identifying the value of its centre. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000030 Chi-Squared statistic http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000609 measure of hypothesis testing Chi-squared statistic is a statistic computed from observations and used to produce a p-value in statistical test when compared to a Chi-Squared distribution. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000031 binary classification http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200000 data transformation binary classification (or binomial classification) is a data transformation which aims to cast members of a set into 2 disjoint groups depending on whether the element have a given property/feature or not. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000033 mode http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000574 center value The mode is a data item which corresponds to the most frequently occurring number in a set of numbers. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000034 model parameter http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000027 data item a model parameter is a data item which is part of a model and which is meant to characterize an theoritecal or unknown population. a model parameter may be estimated by considering the properties of samples presumably taken from the theoritecal population http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000035 range http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000028 measure of dispersion the range is a measure of variation which describes the difference between the lowest score and the highest score in a set of numbers (a data set) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000036 outlier http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000027 data item Outliers are deviant scores that have been legitimately gathered and are not due to equipment failures. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000038 matched pair of subjects http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000181 population a set of 2 subjects which result from a pairing process which assigns subject to a set based on a pairing rule/criteria http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000039 statistic http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000027 data item a statistic is a measurement datum to describe a dataset or a variable. It is generated by a calculation on set of observed data. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000042 Anderson-Darling test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000191 goodness of fit statistical test The Anderson–Darling test is a statistical test of whether a given sample of data is drawn from a given probability distribution. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000046 block design http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0500000 study design a block design is a kind of study design which declares a blocking variable (also known as nuisance variable) in order to account for a known source of variation and reduce its impact on the acquisition of the signal http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000048 multiway ANOVA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200201 ANOVA Multi-way anova is an analysis of variance where the difference groups being compared are associated to the factor levels of more than 2 independent variables. The null hypothesis is an absence of difference between the means calculated for each of the groups. The test assumes normality and equivariance of the data. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000049 Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium hypothesis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000058 goodness of fit hypothesis Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium hypothesis is a good of fit hypothesis which states that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences (non-random mating, mutation, selection, genetic drift, gene flow and meiotic drive). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000051 Poisson distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000117 discrete probability distribution Poisson distribution is a probability distribution used to model the number of events occurring within a given time interval. It is defined by a real number (λ) and an integer k representing the number of events and a function. The expected value of a Poisson-distributed random variable is equal to λ and so is its variance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000052 Z-test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000279 between group comparison statistical test Z-test is a statistical test which evaluate the null hypothesis that the means of 2 populations are equal and returns a p-value. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000056 absence of association hypothesis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000065 hypothesis a null hypothesis which states that no linkage exists between 2 categorical variables http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000058 goodness of fit hypothesis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000065 hypothesis goodness of fit hypothesis is a null hypothesis stating that the distribution computed from the sample population fits a theoretical distribution or that a dataset can be correctly explained by a model http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000059 Student's t distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000329 symmetric distribution the Student's t distribution is a continuous probability distribution which arises when estimating the mean of a normally distributed population in situations where the sample size is small and population standard deviation is unknown. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000061 absence of between group difference hypothesis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000065 hypothesis It is a null hypothesis stating that there are no differences observed between group of subjects. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000062 absence of within subject difference hypothesis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000065 hypothesis is a null hypothesis stating that there are no difference observed across a series of measurements made one same subject. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000063 genomic coordinate datum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000027 data item genomic coordinate datum is a data item which denotes a genomic position expressed using a genomic coordinate system http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000065 hypothesis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000030 information content entity In statistics, a statement that can be tested.[wolfram alpha] http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000067 continuous probability distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000225 probability distribution a continuous probability distribution is a probability distribution which is defined by a probability density function http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000068 skewness http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000039 statistic Skewness is a data item indicating of the degree of asymmetry of a distribution. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000070 Yate's corrected Chi-Squared test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000081 Pearson's Chi square test of independence between categorical variables Yate's corrected Chi-Squared test is a statistical test which is used to test the association/linkage/independence of 2 dichotomous variables while introducing a correction for using the continous Chi-squared distribution for the test. To reduce the error in approximation, Frank Yates, an English statistician, suggested a correction for continuity that adjusts the formula for Pearson's chi-squared test by subtracting 0.5 from the difference between each observed value and its expected value in a 2 × 2 contingency table. This reduces the chi-squared value obtained and thus increases its p-value. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000072 substrate concentration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000704 concentration substrate concentration is a scalar measurement datum which denotes the amount of molecular entity involved in an enzymatic reaction (or catalytic chemical reaction) and whose role in that reaction is as substrate. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000073 Fisher's exact test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000027 test of association between categorical variables Fisher's exact test is a statistical test used to determine if there are nonrandom associations between two categorical variables. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000074 Cochran-Mantel-Haenzel test for repeated tests of independence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000027 test of association between categorical variables Cochran-Mantel-Haenzel test for repeated tests of independence is a statitiscal test which allows the comparison of two groups on a dichotomous/categorical response. It is used when the effect of the explanatory variable on the response variable is influenced by covariates that can be controlled. It is often used in observational studies where random assignment of subjects to different treatments cannot be controlled, but influencing covariates can. The null hypothesis is that the two nominal variables that are tested within each repetition are independent of each other. So there are 3 variables to consider: two categorical variables to be tested for independence of each other, and the third variable identifies the repeats. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000078 Levene's test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000191 goodness of fit statistical test Levene's test is a null hypothesis statistical test which evaluates the null hypothesis of equality of variance in several populations. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000079 Barlett's test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000191 goodness of fit statistical test Bartlett's test (see Snedecor and Cochran, 1989) is used to test if k samples are from populations with equal variances. Equal variances across samples is called homoscedasticity or homogeneity of variances. Some statistical tests, for example the analysis of variance, assume that variances are equal across groups or samples. The Bartlett test can be used to verify that assumption. Bartlett's test is sensitive to departures from normality. That is, if the samples come from non-normal distributions, then Bartlett's test may simply be testing for non-normality. Levene's test and the Brown–Forsythe test are alternatives to the Bartlett test that are less sensitive to departures from normality. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000080 Brown Forsythe test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000137 homoskedasticity test the Brown Forsythe test is a statistical test which evaluates if the variance of different groups are equal. It relies on computing the median rather than the mean, as used in the Levene's test for homoschedacity. This test maybe used to, for instance, ensure that the conditions of applications of ANOVA are met. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000082 fixed effect model http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000107 statistical model a fixed effect model is a statistical model which represents the observed quantities in terms of explanatory variables that are treated as if the quantities were non-random. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000084 multinomial probit regression for analysis of polychotomous dependent variable http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200102 regression analysis method multinomial logistic regression model is a model which attempts to explain data distribution associated with *polychotomous* response/dependent variable in terms of values assumed by the independent variable uses a function of predictor/independent variable(s): the function used in this instance of regression modeling is probit function. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000085 effect size estimate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000471 estimate effect size estimate is a data item about the direction and strength of the consequences of a causative agent as explored by statistical methods. Those methods produce estimates of the effect size, e.g. confidence interval http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000086 F-test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000191 goodness of fit statistical test an F-test is a statistical test which evaluates that the computed test statistics follows an F-distribution under the null hypothesis. The F-test is sensitive to departure from normality. F-test arise when decomposing the variability in a data set in terms of sum of squares. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000088 study group population size http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000047 count statistical sample size is a count evaluating the number of individual experimental units http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000089 case-control study design http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0500006 parallel group design a case-control study design is a observation study design which assess the risk of particular outcome (a trait or a disease) associated with an event (either an exposure or endogenous factor). A case-control study design therefore declares an exposure variable which is dichotomous in nature (exposed/non-exposed) and an outcome variable, which is also dichotomous (case or control), thus giving the name to the design. During the execution of the design, a case control study defines a population and counts the events to determine their frequency. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000091 genome-wide association study http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000235 genetic association study Genome wide association study is a kind of study whose objective is to detect association between genetic markers (SNP or otherwise) accross the genome and a trait which may be a disease or another phenotype (e.g. trait of agronomic relevance in animal or plant studies). Genome wide association study compare the allele frequencies in 2 populations, one free of the trait used as control, the other one showing the trait use as 'case'. GWAS studies implement case-control design http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000092 Wilcoxon signed rank test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000202 within subject comparison statistical test The Wilcoxon signed rank test is a statistical test which tests the null hypothesis that the median difference between pairs of observations is zero. This is the non-parametric analogue to the paired t-test, and should be used if the distribution of differences between pairs may be non-normally distributed. The procedure involves a ranking, hence the name. The absolute value of the differences between observations are ranked from smallest to largest, with the smallest difference getting a rank of 1, then next larger difference getting a rank of 2, etc. Ties are given average ranks. The ranks of all differences in one direction are summed, and the ranks of all differences in the other direction are summed. The smaller of these two sums is the test statistic, W (sometimes symbolized Ts). Unlike most test statistics, smaller values of W are less likely under the null hypothesis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000093 date http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000582 time stamped measurement datum Information about a calendar date or timestamp indicating day, month, year and time of an event. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000095 paired t-test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000202 within subject comparison statistical test paired t-test is a statistical test which is specifically designed to analysis differences between paired observations in the case of studies realizing repeated measures design with only 2 repeated measurements per subject (before and after treatment for example) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000096 population stratification prior to sampling http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000094 material processing stratification is a planned process which executes a stratification rule using as input a population and assign it member to mutually exclusive subpopulation based on the values defined by the stratification rule http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000097 statistical test power analysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200000 data transformation A stastical test power analysis is a data transformation which aims to determine the size of a statistical sample required to reach a desired significance level given a particular statistical test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000098 two sample Hotelling T2 test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000279 between group comparison statistical test Hotelling's T2 test is a statistical test which is a generalization of Student's T-test to a assess if the means of a set of variables remains unchanged when studying 2 populations. It is a type of multivariate analysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000104 z-score http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000609 measure of hypothesis testing A z-score (also known as z-value, standard score, or normal score) is a measure of the divergence of an individual experimental result from the most probable result, the mean. Z is expressed in terms of the number of standard deviations from the mean value. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000105 log signal intensity ratio http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000184 ratio log signal intensity ratio is a data item which corresponding the logarithmitic base 2 of the ratio between 2 signal intensity, each corresponding to a condition. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000106 probit regression for analysis of polychotomous dependent variable http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200102 regression analysis method probit regression model is a model which attempts to explain data distribution associated with *dichotomous* response/dependent variable in terms of values assumed by the independent variable uses a function of predictor/independent variable(s): the function used in this instance of regression modeling is the probit function aka the quantile function, i.e., the inverse cumulative distribution function (CDF), associated with the standard normal distribution. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000107 statistical model http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000030 information content entity a statistical model is an information content entity which is a formalization of relationships between variables in the form of mathematical equations. A statistical model describes how one or more random variables are related to one or more other variables. The model is statistical as the variables are not deterministically but stochastically related. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000108 linear regression for analysis of continuous dependent variable http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200102 regression analysis method linear regression model is a model which attempts to explain data distribution associated with response/dependent variable in terms of values assumed by the independent variable uses a linear function or linear combination of the regression parameters and the predictor/independent variable(s). linear regression modeling makes a number of assumptions, which includes homoskedasticity (constance of variance) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000109 multinomial logistic regression for analysis of dichotomous dependent variable http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200102 regression analysis method multinomial logistic regression model is a model which attempts to explain data distribution associated with *polychotomous* response/dependent variable in terms of values assumed by the independent variable uses a function of predictor/independent variable(s): the function used in this instance of regression modeling is logistic function. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000111 sequence read http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001573 DNA sequence data a sequence read is a DNA sequence data which is generated by a DNA sequencer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000116 assess statistical evidence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000011 planned process the process of using statistical analysis for interpreting and communicating "what the data say". http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000117 discrete probability distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000225 probability distribution a discrete probability distribution is a probability distribution which is defined by a probability mass function where the random variable can only assume a finite number of values or infinitely countable values http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000118 ranking http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200000 data transformation ranking is a data transformation which turns a non-ordinal variable into a Ordinal variable by sorting the values of the input variable and replacing their value by their position in the sorting result http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000119 model parameter estimation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200000 data transformation model parameter estimation is a data transformation that finds parameter values (the model parameter estimates) most compatible with the data as judged by the model. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000121 association between categorical variables testing objective http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000675 statistical hypothesis test objective the objective of a data transformation to evaluate a null hypothesis of absence of linkage between variables. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000124 stratification rule http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000055 rule a stratification rule/criteria is a criteria used to determine population strata so that a stratification process implementing the rule can result in any member of the total population being assigned to one and only one stratum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000130 Breslow-Day test for homogeneity of odds ratio http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000697 homogeneity test the Breslow-Day test is a statistical test which evaluates if the odds ratios are homogenous across N 2x2 contingency tables, for instance several 2x2 contingency tables associated with different strata of a stratified population when evaluating the relationship between exposure and outcome or associated with the different samples coming from several centres in a multicentric study in clinical trial context. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000131 sphericity test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000673 statistical test hypothesis a sphericity test is a null hypothesis statistical testing procedure which posits a null hypothesis of equality of the variances of the differences between levels of the repeated measures factor http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000135 strictly standardized mean difference http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000100 standardized mean difference strictly standardized mean difference (SSMS) is a standardized mean difference which corresponds to the ratio of mean to the standard deviation of the difference between two groups. SSMD directly measures the magnitude of difference between two groups. SSMD is widely used in High Content Screen for hit selection and quality control. When the data is preprocessed using log-transformation as normally done in HTS experiments, SSMD is the mean of log fold change divided by the standard deviation of log fold change with respect to a negative reference. In other words, SSMD is the average fold change (on the log scale) penalized by the variability of fold change (on the log scale). For quality control, one index for the quality of an HTS assay is the magnitude of difference between a positive control and a negative reference in an assay plate. For hit selection, the size of effects of a compound (i.e., a small molecule or an siRNA) is represented by the magnitude of difference between the compound and a negative reference. SSMD directly measures the magnitude of difference between two groups. Therefore, SSMD can be used for both quality control and hit selection in HTS experiments. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000136 Tarone's test for homogeneity of odds ratio http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000697 homogeneity test Tarone's test for homogeneity of odds ratio is a statistical test which evaluates the null hypothesis that odds ratio are homogeneous http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000137 homoskedasticity test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000673 statistical test hypothesis an homoskedasticity test is a statistical test aiming at evaluate if the variances from several random samples are similar http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000138 2 by 2 contingency table http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000140 contingency table a 2x2 contingency table is a contingency table build for 2 dichotomous variables (i.e. 2 categorical variables, each with only 2 possible outcomes). It is the simplest of contingency tables http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000139 subject pairing http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0600015 group assignment a subject pairing is a planned process which executes a pairing rule and results in the creation of sets of 2 subjects meeting the pairing criteria http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000140 contingency table http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000642 matrix a contigency table is a data item which displays the (multivariate) frequency distribution of the possible values of categorical variables. The first row of the table corresponds to categories of one categorical variable, the first column of the table corresponds to categories of the other categorical variable, the cells corresponding to each combination of categories is filled with the observed occurences in the sample being considered. The table also contains marginal total (marginal sums) and grand total of the occurences The term contingency table was first used by Karl Pearson in "On the Theory of Contingency and Its Relation to Association and Normal Correlation", part of the Drapers' Company Research Memoirs Biometric Series I published in 1904. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000141 acute toxicity study http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000066 investigation acute toxicity study is an investigation which use interventions organized according to a factorial design and a parallel group design to observe the effect of use of high dose xenobiotics in animal models or cellular models http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000142 correlation coefficient http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000611 measure of correlation The correlation coefficient of two variables in a data sample is their covariance divided by the product of their individual standard deviations. It is a normalized measurement of how the two are linearly related. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000143 Bayesian model selection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000328 statistical model selection A Bayesian model selection is a data transformation which is based on Bayesian statistics to compute Bayes factor in order to evaluate which model best explains data. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000144 model parameter estimate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000471 estimate a model parameter estimate is a data item which results from a model parameter estimation process and which provides a numerical value about a model parameter. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000146 presence of between group difference hypothesis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000065 hypothesis a null hypothesis stating that there are differences observed between group of subjects http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000149 binomial logistic regression for analysis of dichotomous dependent variable http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200102 regression analysis method binomial logistic regression model is a model which attempts to explain data distribution associated with *dichotomous* response/dependent variable in terms of values assumed by the independent variable uses a function of predictor/independent variable(s): the function used in this instance of regression modeling is logistic function. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000152 quartile http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000291 quantile a quartile is a quantile which splits data into sections accrued of 25% of data, so the first quartile delineates 25% of the data, the second quartile delineates 50% of the data and the third quartile, 75 % of the data http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000153 one sample Hotelling T2 test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000191 goodness of fit statistical test The one-sample Hotelling’s T2 is the multivariate extension of the common one-sample or paired Student’s t-test. In a one-sample t-test, the mean response is compared against a specific value. Hotelling’s one-sample T2 is used when the number of response variables is two or more, although it can be used when there is only one response variable. T2 makes the usual assumption that the data are approximately multivariate normal. Randomization tests are provided that do not rely on this assumption. These randomization tests should be used whenever you want exact results that do not rely on several assumptions. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000155 meta analysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200000 data transformation meta-analysis is a data transformation which uses the effect size estimates from several independent quantitative scientific studies addressing the same question in order to assess finding consistency. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000156 Scheffe test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000133 post-hoc analysis the Scheffe test is a data transformation which evaluates all possible contrasts and adjusting the levels significance by accounting for multiple comparison. The test is therefore conservative. Confidence intervals can be constructed for the corresponding linear regression. It was developped by American statistician Henry Scheffe in 1959. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000157 Least significance different test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000133 post-hoc analysis the LSD test is a statistical test for multiple comparisons of treatments by means of least significant difference following an ANOVA analysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000158 presence of association hypothesis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000065 hypothesis a null hypothesis which states that a linkage exists between 2 categorical variables http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000160 exponential distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000067 continuous probability distribution The exponential distribution (a.k.a. negative exponential distribution) is the probability distribution that describes the time between events in a Poisson process, i.e. a process in which events occur continuously and independently at a constant average rate. It is the continuous analogue of the geometric distribution, and it has the key property of being memoryless. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000161 data distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000030 information content entity variable distribution is data item which denotes the spatial resolution of data point making up a variable. variable distribution may be compared to a known probability distribution using goodness of fit test or plotting a quantile-quantile plot for visual assessment of the fit. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000162 experimental unit role http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000023 role the role played by an entity part of study group as defined by an experimental design and realized in a data analysis and data interpretation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000163 trimmed mean http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000029 measure of central tendency trimmed mean or truncated mean is a measure of central tendency which involves the calculation of the mean after discarding given parts of a probability distribution or sample at the high and low end, and typically discarding an equal amount of both http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000164 inter quartile range http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000028 measure of dispersion The interquartile range is a data item which corresponds to the difference between the upper quartile (3rd quartile) and lower quartile (1st quartile). The interquartile range contains the second quartile or median. The interquartile range is a data item providing a measure of data dispersion. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000167 first quartile http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000152 quartile the first quartile is a quartile which splits the lower 25 % of the data http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000170 third quartile http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000152 quartile the first quartile is a quartile which splits the 75 % of the data http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000173 homogeneity test objective http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000675 statistical hypothesis test objective homogeneity testing objective is the objective of a data transformation to test a null hypothesis that two or more sub-groups of a population share the same distribution of a single categorical variable. For example, do people of different countries have the same proportion of smokers to non-smokers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000175 confidence interval calculation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200000 data transformation confidence interval calculation is a data transformation which determines a confidence interval for a given statistical parameter http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000176 t-statistic http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000039 statistic t-statistic is a statistic computed from observations and used to produce a p-value in statistical test when compared to a Student's t distribution. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000178 kurtosis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000039 statistic Kurtosis is a data item which denotes the degree of peakedness of a distribution. It is defined as a normalized form of the fourth central moment of a distribution. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000179 ANCOVA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000279 between group comparison statistical test ANCOVA or analysis of covariance is a data transformation which evaluates if population means of a dependent variable are equal across levels of a categorical independent variables while controlling for the effects of other continuous variable s, known as covariates. Therefore, when performing ANCOVA, we are adjusting the dependent variable means to what they would be if all groups were equal on the covariates. It augments the ANOVA model with one or more additional quantitative variables, called covariates, which are related to the response variable. The covariates are included to reduce the variance in the error terms and provide more precise measurement of the treatment effects. ANCOVA is used to test the main and interaction effects of the factors, while controlling for the effects of the covariate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000181 Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium testing http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000191 goodness of fit statistical test Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test is a statistical test which aims to evaluate if a population's proportion of allele is stable or not. It is used as means of quality control to evaluate possibility of genotyping error or population structure. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000183 sphericity testing objective http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000675 statistical hypothesis test objective sphericity testing objective is a statistical objective of a data transformation which aims to test a null hypothesis of sphericity holds. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000185 2 by n contingency table http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000140 contingency table a 2 by n contingency table is a contingency table built for one dichotomous variable (a categorical variable with only 2 outcomes) and one polychotomous variable (a polychomotomous variable with at least 2 outcomes) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000187 Tukey HSD for Post-Hoc Analysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000133 post-hoc analysis Tukey Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) test is a statistical test used following an ANOVA test yielding a statistically significant p-value in order to determine which means are different, to a given level of significance. The Tukey HSD test relies on the q-distribution. The procedure is conservative, meaning that if sample sizes (the sizes of different study groups) are equal, the risk of a Type I error is exactly α, and if sample sizes are unequal it’s less than α. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000188 average log signal intensity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000451 normalized data set average log signal intensity is a data time which corresponds to the sum of 2 distinct logarithm base 2 transformed signal intensity, each corresponding to a distinct condition of signal acquisition, divided by 2. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000189 mixed effect model http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000107 statistical model A mixed model is a statistical model containing both fixed effects and random effects. These models are useful in a wide variety of disciplines in the physical, biological and social sciences. They are particularly useful in settings where repeated measurements are made on the same statistical units (longitudinal study), or where measurements are made on clusters of related statistical units. Because of their advantage in dealing with missing values, mixed effects models are often preferred over more traditional approaches such as repeated measures ANOVA. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000191 goodness of fit statistical test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000673 statistical test hypothesis a goodness of fit statistical test is a statistical test which aim to evaluate if a sample distribution can be considered equivalent to a theoretical distribution used as input http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000192 cartesian product http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200000 data transformation a cartesian product is a data transformation which operates on a n Sets to produce a set of all possible ordered n-tuples where each element of the tuple comes from a Set http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000193 study group population http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000181 population is a population whose individual members realize (may be expressed as) a combination of inclusion rule values specifications or resulting from a sampling process (e.g. recruitment followed by randomization to group) on which a number of measurements will be carried out, which may be used as input to statistical tests and statistical inference. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000194 cartesian product 2 sets http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000192 cartesian product self explanatory http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000195 number of factor level combinations http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000047 count A non-negative integer defining how many combination of factor levels (or treatments in the statistical sense) are to be used in a study. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000196 confidence interval http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000028 measure of dispersion A confidence interval is a data item which defines an range of values in which a measurement or trial falls corresponding to a given probability. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000198 non-parametric test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000279 between group comparison statistical test a statistical test which makes no assumption about the underlying data distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000199 Mauchly's test for sphericity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000131 sphericity test the Mauchly's test for sphericity is a statistical test which evaluates if the variance of the differences between all combinations of the groups are equal, a property known as 'sphericity' in the context of repeated measures. It is used for instance prior to repeated measure ANOVA. The test works by assessing if a Wishart-distributed covariance matrix (or transformation thereof) is proportional to a given matrix. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000200 statistical test power http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000027 data item the statistical test power is data item which is about a statistical test and is obtained by subtracting the false negative rate (type II error rate) to 1. The power of a statistical test is the probability that it will correctly lead to the rejection of a false null hypothesis (Greene 2000). The statistical power is the ability of a test to detect an effect, if the effect actually exists (High 2000). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000202 within subject comparison statistical test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000673 statistical test hypothesis within subject comparison statistical test is a kind of statistical test which evaluates if a change occurs within one experimental unit over time following a treatment or an event http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000203 cohort http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000193 study group population a cohort is a study group population where the members are human beings which meet inclusion criteria and undergo a longitudinal design http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000207 specifying null and alternate hypothesis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000011 planned process a planned process which etablishes and states the different hypothesis to be evaluated during a null hypothesis statistical test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000208 alternative hypothesis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000065 hypothesis An alternative hypothesis is an hypothesis defined in a statistical test that is the opposite of the null hypothesis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000211 odds ratio homogeneity hypothesis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000065 hypothesis odds ratio homogeneity hypothesis is a null hypothesis stating that all odds ratio are homogenous, that is remain within the same range. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000212 tetrachoric correlation coefficient http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000269 polychoric correlation coefficient a tetrachoric correlation coefficient is a polychoric correlation coefficient for 2 dichotomous variables used as proxy for correlation between 2 continuous latent variables. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000213 continuous variable discretization http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200000 data transformation discretization as a processing converting a continuous variable into a polychotomous variable by concretizing a set of discretization rules http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000215 ordered probit regression for analysis of ordinal dependent variable http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200102 regression analysis method probit regression model is a model which attempts to explain data distribution associated with *ordinal* response/dependent variable in terms of values assumed by the independent variable uses a function of predictor/independent variable(s): the function used in this instance of regression modeling is the ordered probit function. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000216 stratum population http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000181 population a stratum population is a population resulting from a population stratification prior to sampling process which aims to produce homogenous subpopulations from an heterogeneous population by applying one or more stratification criteria http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000217 sphericity hypothesis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000065 hypothesis a null hypothesis which states that a given matrix is proportional to a Wishart-distributed covariance matrix http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000218 model fitting http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200000 data transformation Model fitting is a data transformation process which evaluates if a model appropriately represents a dataset. A model fitting process tests the goodness of fit of the model to the data http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000222 graeco-latin square design http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0500007 randomized complete block design graeco-latin square design is_a study design which allows in its simpler form controlling 3 levels of nuisance variables (also known as blocking variables). The 3 nuisance factors are divided into a tabular grid with the property that each row and each column receive each treatment exactly once. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000223 group assignment based on blocking variable specification http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0600015 group assignment group assignment based on blocking variable specification is a kind of group assignment process which takes into account the levels assumed by a blocking variable to allocate subjects or experimental units to a treatment group http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000224 goodness of fit testing objective http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000675 statistical hypothesis test objective A testing objective to ensure that the sample used in a statistical test actually follows a normal distribution. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000225 probability distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000030 information content entity A probability distribution is a information content entity that specifies the probability of the value of a random variable. For a discrete random variable, a mathematical formula that gives the probability of each value of the variable. For a continuous random variable, a curve described by a mathematical formula which specifies, by way of areas under the curve, the probability that the variable falls within a particular interval. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000229 Chi-square probability distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000067 continuous probability distribution Chi-square probability distribution with k degrees of freedom is a theoretical probability distribution which corresponds to the distribution of a sum of the squares of k independent standard normal random variables. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000234 residual http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000039 statistic a residual is a data item which is the output of an error estimate or model fitting process and which is an observable estimate of the unobservable error http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000235 genetic association study http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000066 investigation A genetic association study is a kind of study whose objective is to detect associations between phenotypes, between a phenotype and a genetic polymorphism or between two genetic polymorphisms. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000236 coefficient of variation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000028 measure of dispersion the coefficient of variation is a normalized measure of dispersion of a probability distribution of frequency distribution. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000238 high-content screening http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000239 high throughput screening high content screening is a kind of investigation which uses a standardized cellular assays to test the effect of substances (RNAi or small molecules) held in libraries on a cellular phenotype. it relies on microscopy imaging and or flow-cytometry, robotic handling to ensure fast and high-throughput. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000239 high throughput screening http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000066 investigation high throughput screening is a kind of investigation which uses a standardized assays (cell based, enzymatic or chemometric) to test the effect of substances (RNAi or small molecules) held in libraries on a very specific and measureable outcome (e.g fluorence intensity). it relies on robotic handling to ensure fast and high-throughput in assay performance, data acquisition and hit selection. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000242 statistical error http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000039 statistic statistical error is an data item denoting the amount by which an observation differs from the expected value, being based on the whole statistical population from which the statistical unit was chosen randomly http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000244 ΔRn http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000027 data item (Rn +) − (Rn −), where Rn + = (emission intensity of reporter dye)/(emission intensity of passive reference dye) in PCR with template and Rn − = (emission intensity of reporter dye)/(emission intensity of passive reference dye) in PCR without template or early cycles of a real-time reaction. Ct = threshold cycle, i.e., cycle at which a statistically significant increase in ΔRn is first detected http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000246 Woolf's test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000697 homogeneity test Woolf's test is a statistical test which evaluates the null hypothesis that odds ratio are the same accross all strata of population under investigation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000247 odds ratio homogeneity test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000673 statistical test hypothesis odds ratio homogeneity test is a statistical test which aims to evaluate that null the hypothesis of consistency odds ratio accross different strata of population is true or not http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000249 DNA microarray hybridization http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000070 assay a DNA microarray hybridization is an assay relying on nucleic acid hybridization , which uses a DNA microarray device and a nucleic acid as input. It precedes a data acquisition process http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000250 group comparison objective http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200166 data transformation objective group comparison objective is a data transformation objective which aims to determine if 2 or more study group differ with respect to the signal of a response variable http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000253 within subject comparison objective http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000675 statistical hypothesis test objective the objective of a data transformation to test a null hypothesis of absence of difference within subject holds. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000255 between group comparison objective http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000675 statistical hypothesis test objective the objective of a data transformation to test a null hypothesis of absence of difference withing subject holds. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000257 family http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000181 population A domestic group, or a number of domestic groups linked through descent (demonstrated or stipulated) from a common ancestor, marriage, or adoption. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000261 Newman-Keuls test post-hoc analysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000133 post-hoc analysis The Newman–Keuls or Student–Newman–Keuls (SNK) method is a stepwise multiple comparisons procedure used to identify sample means that are significantly different from each other. It was named after Student (1927), D. Newman, and M. Keuls. This procedure is often used as a post-hoc test whenever a significant difference between three or more sample means has been revealed by an analysis of variance (ANOVA). The Newman–Keuls method is similar to Tukey's range test as both procedures use Studentized range statistics.Compared to Tukey's range test, the Newman–Keuls method is more powerful but less conservative. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000266 Bayes factor http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000184 ratio Bayes factor is a ratio between 2 probabilities of observing data according 2 distinct models. It is used in Bayes model selection to evaluate which model best explains the data. if K<0, the model used in the denominator term is supported, if K>1, the model used in the numerator term is supported. The Bayes factor is about the plausibility of 2 different models http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000268 Gamma distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000067 continuous probability distribution A gamma distribution is a general type of continous statistical distribution (related to the beta distribution) that arises naturally in processes for which the waiting times between Poisson distributed events are relevant. Gamma distributions have two free parameters shape k and scale denoted theta . http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000269 polychoric correlation coefficient http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000142 correlation coefficient polychoric correlation coefficient is a correlation coefficient which is computed over 2 variables to characterise an association by proxy with 2 (latent) variables which are assumed to be continuous and normally distributed. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000270 full factorial design http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0500014 factorial design a full factorial design is a factorial design which ensures that all possible factor level combinations are defined and used so all between group differences can be explored http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000271 permutation numbering http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200000 data transformation permutation numbering is a data tranformation allowing to count the number of possible permutations of elements in a set of size n, each element occurring exactly once. This number is factorial n. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000272 Michaelis-Menten constant http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000032 scalar measurement datum The Michaelis constant is the substrate concentration at which the reaction rate is at half-maximum, and is an inverse measure of the substrate's affinity for the enzyme—as a small indicates high affinity, meaning that the rate will approach more quickly.[5] The value of is dependent on both the enzyme and the substrate, as well as conditions such as temperature and pH. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000273 child-parents trio http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000257 family A population of two parents and a child. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000276 binomial distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000117 discrete probability distribution The binomial distribution is a discrete probability distribution which describes the probability of k successes in n draws with replacement from a finite population of size N. The binomial distribution is frequently used to model the number of successes in a sample of size n drawn with replacement from a population of size N. The binomial distribution gives the discrete probability distribution of obtaining exactly n successes out of N Bernoulli trials (where the result of each Bernoulli trial is true with probability p and false with probability q=1-p ) notation: B(n,p) The mean is N*p The variance is N*p*q http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000277 hit selection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000011 planned process hit selection is a planned process which in screening processes such as high-throughput screening, lead to the identification of perturbing agent which cause the typical signal generated by a standardized assay to significantly differ from the negative control. The selection hitself results from meeting or exceeding selection threshold (for instance 6 sigma from the mean or SSMD value beyond 5 when compared to positive controls or below -5 when compared to negative controls http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000278 pairing rule http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000055 rule pairing rule is a rule which specifies the criteria for deciding on how to associated any 2 entities. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000279 between group comparison statistical test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000673 statistical test hypothesis between group comparison statistical test is a statistical test which aims to detect difference between the means computing for each of the study group populations http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000284 Breusch-Pagan test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000137 homoskedasticity test Breusch-Pagan test is a statistical test which computes a score test of the hypothesis of constant error variance against the alternative that the error variance changes with the level of the response (fitted values), or with a linear combination of predictors. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000285 hypergeometric test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000287 two tailed test hypergeometric test is a null hypothesis test which evaluates if a random variable follows a hypergeometric distribution. It is a test of goodness of fit to that distribution. The test is suited for situation aimed at assessing cases of sampling from a finite set without replacements. For instance, testing for enrichment or depletion of elements (e.g GO categories, genes) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000288 absence of difference hypothesis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000065 hypothesis A null hypothesis which states that no difference exists between 2 or more groups being considered. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000290 contrast http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000027 data item A contrast is the weighted sum of group means, the c_j coefficients represent the assigned weights of the means (these must sum to 0 for orthogonal contrasts) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000291 quantile http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000039 statistic a quantile is a data item which corresponds to specific elements x in the range of a variate X. the k-th n-tile P_k is that value of x, say x_k, which corresponds to a cumulative frequency of Nk/n (Kenney and Keeping 1962). If n=4, the quantity is called a quartile, and if n=100, it is called a percentile. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000292 decile http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000291 quantile a decile is a quantile where n=10 and which splits data into sections accrued of 10% of data, so the first decile delineates 10% of the data, the second decile delineates 20% of the data and the nineth decile, 90 % of the data http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000293 percentile http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000291 quantile a percentile is a quantile which splits data into sections accrued of 1% of data, so the first percentile delineates 1% of the data, the second quartile delineates 2% of the data and the 99th percentile, 99 % of the data http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000294 absence of negative difference hypothesis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000065 hypothesis absence of negative difference hypothesis is a hypothesis which assumes that a difference significantly less than a threshold does not exist. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000295 absence of positive difference hypothesis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000065 hypothesis absence of negative difference hypothesis is a hypothesis which assumes that a difference significantly greater than a threshold does not exist. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000298 exact binomial test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000191 goodness of fit statistical test a binomial test is a statistical hypothesis test which evaluates if the observations made about a Bernoulli experiment , that is an experiment which tests the statistical significance of deviations from a theoretically expected distribution (the binomial distribution) of observations into 2 categories. It is a goodness of fit test. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000299 statistical inference http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001834 drawing a conclusion Statistical inference is the process of deducing properties of an underlying probability distribution by analysis of data. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000301 covariance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000611 measure of correlation The covariance is a measurement data item about the strength of correlation between a set (2 or more) of random variables. The covariance is obtained by forming: cov(X,Y)=E([X-E(X)][Y-E(Y)] where E(X), E(Y) is the expected value (mean) of variable X and Y respectively. covariance is symmetric so cov(X,Y)=cov(Y,X). The covariance is usefull when looking at the variance of the sum of the 2 random variables since: var(X+Y) = var(X) +var(Y) +2cov(X,Y) The covariance cov(x,y) is used to obtain the coefficient of correlation cor(x,y) by normalizing (dividing) cov(x,y) but the product of the standard deviations of x and y. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000302 one sample t-test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000279 between group comparison statistical test one sample t-test is a kind of Student's t-test which evaluates if a given sample can be reasonably assumed to be taken from the population. The test compares the sample statistic (m) to the population parameter (M). The one sample t-test is the small sample analog of the z test, which is suitable for large samples. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000305 Helmert contrast http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000290 contrast A Helmert contrast is a contrast in which the coefficients for the Helmert regressors compare each level with the average of the “preceding” ones http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000306 polynomial contrast http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000290 contrast a polynomial contrast is a contrast which... http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000307 treatment contrast http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000290 contrast treatment contrast is a contrast which allows to test how linear model coefficients of categorical variables are interpreted in case where the “first” level (aka, the baseline) is included into the intercept and all subsequent levels have a coefficient that represents their difference from the baseline. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000308 sum contrast http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000290 contrast the sum contrast is a contrast in which each coefficient compares the corresponding level of the factor to the average of the other levels http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000310 Barnard's test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000027 test of association between categorical variables Barnard's test is an exact statistical test used to determine if there are non-random associations between two categorical variables. It was developed in 1949 by Barnard and is a test which is, most times, more powerful that the Fisher exact test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000311 central composite design http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0500000 study design a central composite design is a study design which contains an imbedded factorial or fractional factorial design with center points that is augmented with a group of so-called 'star points' that allow estimation of curvature. A CCD design with k factors has 2k star points. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000312 Box–Behnkens design http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0500000 study design The Box-Behnken design is an independent quadratic design in that it does not contain an embedded factorial or fractional factorial design. In this design the treatment combinations are at the midpoints of edges of the process space and at the center. These designs are rotatable (or near rotatable) and require 3 levels of each factor. The designs have limited capability for orthogonal blocking compared to the central composite designs. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000313 Plackett-Burman design http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0500000 study design Plackett-Burman design is a type of study design optimizing multifactorial experiments characterized by their parsimony and economy with the run number a multiple of 4 (rather than a power of 2). Plackett-Burman design is often used for screening experiments where the main effect is often heavily confounded with two-factor interactions. This type of design is very useful for economically detecting large main effects, assuming all interactions are negligible when compared with the few important main effects. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000314 upper confidence limit http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000633 cutoff upper confidence limit is a data item which is a largest value bounding a confidence interval http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000315 lower confidence limit http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000633 cutoff lower confidence limit is a data item which is a lowest value bounding a confidence interval http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000317 eta-squared http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000471 estimate Eta-squared is a biased estimator of the variance explained by the model in the population (it estimates only the effect size in the sample). Eta-squared describes the ratio of variance explained in the dependent variable by a predictor while controlling for other predictors, making it analogous to the r2. This estimate shares the weakness with r2 that each additional variable will automatically increase the value of η2. In addition, it measures the variance explained of the sample, not the population, meaning that it will always overestimate the effect size, although the bias grows smaller as the sample grows larger. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000318 omega-squared http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000471 estimate omega-squared is a effect size estimate for variance explained which is less biased than the eta-squared coefficient. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000319 Hedges's g http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000100 standardized mean difference Hedges's g is an estimator of effect size, which is similar to Cohen's d and is a measure based on a standardized difference. However, the denominator, corresponding to a pooled standard deviation, is computed differently from Cohen's d coefficient, by applying a correction factor (which involves a Gamma function). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000320 Glass's delta http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000100 standardized mean difference Glass's delta is an estimator of effect size which is similar to Cohen's d but where the denominator corresponds only to the standard deviation of the control group (or second group). It is considered less biais than the Cohen's d for estimating effect sizes based on means and distances between means. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000321 non-parametric distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000329 symmetric distribution Probability distribution estimated empirically on the data without assumptions on the shape of the probability distribution. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000322 contrast weight http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000027 data item a contrast weight is a coefficient which multiplies a group mean, part of a linear combinaison defining a constrast as a weighted sum of group means, giving a 'weight' to a specific group mean hence the name. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000323 contrast weight matrix http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000642 matrix a contrast weight matrix is a information content entity which holds a set of contrast weight, coefficient used in a weighting sum of means defining a contrast http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000324 contrast weight estimate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000144 model parameter estimate contrast weight estimate is a model parameter estimate which results from the computation from the data and that is used as input to a model fitting process http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000325 Akaike information criterion http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000109 measurement datum The Akaike information criterion (AIC) is a measure of the relative quality of a statistical model for a given set of data. As such, AIC provides a means for model selection. AIC is defined as: AIC = 2K - 2log(L) where K is the number of predictors and L is the maximized likelihood value. AIC deals with the trade-off between the goodness of fit of the model and the complexity of the model. It is founded on information theory: it offers a relative estimate of the information lost when a given model is used to represent the process that generates the data. AIC does not provide a test of a model in the sense of testing a null hypothesis; i.e. AIC can tell nothing about the quality of the model in an absolute sense. If all the candidate models fit poorly, AIC will not give any warning of that. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000326 corrected Akaike information criterion http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000325 Akaike information criterion corrected Akaike information criteria is a modified version of the Akaike information criterion. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000327 Bayesian information criterion http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000109 measurement datum Bayesian information criterion or Schwartz's Bayesian information criterion is a criterion for model selection among a finite set of models. It is based, in part, on the likelihood function and it is closely related to the Akaike information criterion (AIC). Given any two estimated models, the model with the lower value of BIC is the one to be preferred. The BIC is an increasing function of sigma_e^2 and an increasing function of k. That is, unexplained variation in the dependent variable and the number of explanatory variables increase the value of BIC. Hence, lower BIC implies either fewer explanatory variables, better fit, or both. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000328 statistical model selection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200000 data transformation A statistical model selection is a data transformation which is based on computing a relative quality value in order to evaluate and select which model best explains data. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000329 symmetric distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000225 probability distribution Probability distribution which has no skew so its skewness=0 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000330 empirical distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000225 probability distribution Probability distribution estimated empirically from all acquired data http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000331 histogram distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000225 probability distribution Probability distribution estimated empirically on the data following a binning process http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000332 smooth kernel distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000225 probability distribution Probability distribution estimated using a smooth kernel function to avoid making assumptions about the distribution of the data. The kernel density estimator is the estimated probability density function (pdf) of the random variable. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000333 kernel mixture distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000225 probability distribution kernel density estimation (KDE) is a non-parametric way to estimate the probability density function of a random variable http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000334 mixture distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000225 probability distribution Mixture distribution is the probability distribution of a random variable that is derived from a collection of other random variables as follows: first, a random variable is selected by chance from the collection according to given probabilities of selection, and then the value of the selected random variable is realized. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000335 survival distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000330 empirical distribution Probability distribution estimated empirically from a censored lifetime data http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000346 covariance structure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000107 statistical model a covariance structure is a data item which is part of a regression model and which indicates a pattern in the covariance matrix. The nature of covariance structure is specified before the regression analysis and various covariance structure may be tested and evaluated using information criteria to help choose the most suiteable model http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000348 rational quadratic anisotropic covariance structure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000346 covariance structure The rational quadratic covariance function is used in spatial statistics, geostatistics, machine learning, image analysis, and other fields where multivariate statistical analysis is conducted on metric spaces. It is commonly used to define the statistical covariance between measurements made at two points that are d units distant from each other. Since the covariance only depends on distances between points, it is stationary. If the distance is Euclidean distance, the rational quadratic covariance function is also isotropic. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000350 spatial spherical geometric anisotropic covariance structure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000346 covariance structure spatial spherical geometric anisotropic covariance structure is a type of covariance structure characterized by its anisotropy, i.e., the variation of properties can be different in directions x and y, which is this case give spherical features. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000354 banded heterogeneous Toeplitz covariance structure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000346 covariance structure the banded heterogeneous Toeplitz covariance structure is a type of coviance structure which is often used to analyzed and intepret repeated measure design. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000356 banded Toeplitz covariance structure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000346 covariance structure A banded Toeplitz structure, defined by parameter q, can be viewed as a moving-average structure with order q-1. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000357 Toeplitz covariance structure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000346 covariance structure The Toeplitz covariance structure has homogenous variances and heterogenous correlations between elements. The correlation between adjacent elements is homogenous across pairs of adjacent elements. The correlation between elements separated by a third is again homogenous, and so on. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000359 equal diagonal Factor Analytic covariance structure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000361 Factor Analytic covariance structure factor-analytic structure is a covariance structure which is specified for q factors equal diagonal factor-analytic covariance structure is a type of factor analytic covariance structure specified for q factors, which includes a diagonal component for repeated measures. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000360 no diagonal Factor Analytic covariance structure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000361 Factor Analytic covariance structure no diagonal factor-analytic covariance structure is a type of factor analytic covariance structure specified for q factors, which does not include a diagonal component for repeated measures. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000361 Factor Analytic covariance structure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000346 covariance structure factor-analytic structure is a type of heterogeneous covariance structure which is specified for q factors http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000362 compound symmetry covariance structure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000346 covariance structure compound symmetry covariance structure is a covariance structure which means that all the variances are equal and all the covariances are equal. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000363 heterogeneous compound symmetry covariance structure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000362 compound symmetry covariance structure heterogenous compound symmetry structure is a compound symmetry covariance structure which has a different variance parameter for each diagonal element, and it uses the square roots of these parameters in the off-diagonal entries. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000365 first order autoregressive covariance structure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000346 covariance structure first order autoregressive covariance structure is a covariance structure where correlations among errors decline exponentially with distance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000366 heterogeneous first-order autoregressive covariance structure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000365 first order autoregressive covariance structure This is an homogeneous structure, i.e. the variance along the main diagonal is constant. The covariances decline exponentially. It has only 2 parameters. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000367 Ante-dependence covariance structure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000346 covariance structure Ante-dependence covariance structure is a covariance structure which specifies that the covariance between two time points is a function of the product of variances at both points (hence allowing hetrogenity of error variance across measures to affect the correlation) and the product of the correlations at the distances up to the one chosen. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000368 Mallows' Cp http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000039 statistic Mallows' Cp is a data item which compares the precision and bias of the full model to models with a subset of the predictors thus helping to choose between multiple regression models. the mallows cp is a function of the number of parameter used in the model relying on the residuals sum of squares to compute a score. the smaller Cp is, the better the model fit is. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000369 repeated measure analysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200000 data transformation repeated measure analysis is a kind of data transformation which deals with signals measured in the same experimental units at different times and, possibly, under different conditions over a period of time. Data produced by longitudinal studies qualify for such analysis. Since measurements are made on the same experimental units a number of times, they are likely to be correlated. Repeated measure analysis usually takes into consideration the possibility of correlation with time. It does so by specifying covariance structure in the analysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000370 ordinary least squares estimation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000119 model parameter estimation the ordinary least squares estimation is a model parameter estimation for a linear regression model when the errors are uncorrelated and equal in variance. Is the Best Linear Unbiased Estimation (BLUE) method under these assumptions, Uniformly Minimum-Variance Unbiased Estimator (UMVUE) with addition of a Gaussian assumption. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000371 weighted least squares estimation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000119 model parameter estimation the weighted least squares estimation is a model parameter estimation for a linear regression model with errors that independent but have heterogeneous variance. Difficult to use use in practice, as weights must be set based on the variance which is usually unknown. If true variance is known, it is the Best Linear Unbiased Estimation (BLUE) method under these assumptions, Uniformly Minimum-Variance Unbiased Estimator (UMVUE) with addition of a Gaussian assumption. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000372 generalized least squares estimation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000119 model parameter estimation the generalized least squares estimation is a model parameter estimation for a linear regression model with errors that are dependent and (possibly) have heterogeneous variance. Difficult to use use in practice, as covariance matrix of the errors must known to "whiten" data and model. If true covariance is known, it is the Best Linear Unbiased Estimation (BLUE) method under these assumptions, Uniformly Minimum-Variance Unbiased Estimator (UMVUE) with addition of a Gaussian assumption. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000373 iteratively reweighted least squares estimation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000119 model parameter estimation the iteratively reweighted least squares estimation is a model parameter estimation which is a practical implementation of Weighted Least Squares, where the heterogeneous variances of the errors are estimated from the residuals of the regression model, providing an estimate for the weights. Each successive estimate of the weights improves the estimation of the regression parameters, which in turn are used to compute residuals and update the weights http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000374 feasible generalized least squares estimation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000372 generalized least squares estimation the feasible generalized least squares estimation is a model parameter estimation which is a practical implementation of Generalised Least Squares, where the covariance of the errors is estimated from the residuals of the regression model, providing the information needed to whiten the data and model. Each successive estimate of the whitening matrix improves the estimation of the regression parameters, which in turn are used to compute residuals and update the whitening matrix. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000375 residual mean square http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000039 statistic a residual mean square is a data item which is obtained by dividing the sum of squared residuals (SSR) by the number of degrees of freedom http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000376 Z-statistic http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000039 statistic Z-statistic is a statistic computed from observations and used to produce a p-value when compared to a Standard Normal Distribution in a statistical test called the Z-test. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000377 deviance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000039 statistic Deviance is an indicator of fit and can be estimated by computing -2 times the log-likelihood ratio of the fitted model compared to a saturated(full) model. It is a generalization of the idea of using the sum of squares of residuals in ordinary least squares to cases where model-fitting is achieved by maximum likelihood. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000378 deviance information criterion http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000109 measurement datum The deviance information criterion (DIC) is a hierarchical modeling generalization of the AIC (Akaike information criterion) and BIC (Bayesian information criterion, also known as the Schwarz criterion). It is particularly useful in Bayesian model selection problems where the posterior distributions of the models have been obtained by Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation. Like AIC and BIC it is an asymptotic approximation as the sample size becomes large. It is only valid when the posterior distribution is approximately multivariate normal. The deviance information criterion was published in 2002 by Spiegelhalter et al. Spiegelhalter, D. J., N. G. Best, B. P. Carlin, and A. van der Linde, 2002. Bayesian measures of model complexity and fit. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, B, 64, 583-639. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000379 focused information criterion http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000109 measurement datum The focused information criterion is a measurement data item which aims at facilitating model selection. It was published in 2003 by Claeskens, G. and Hjort, N.L. (2003). "The focused information criterion". http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000383 contrast estimation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200000 data transformation a data transformation that finds a contrast value (the contrast estimate) by computing the weighted sum of model parameter estimates using a set of contrast weights. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000384 contrast estimate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000471 estimate estimate of a contrast obtained by computing the weighted sum of model parameter estimates using a set of contrast weights. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000385 standard error of a contrast estimate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000562 standard error of estimate an estimate of the standard deviation of a contrast estimate sampling distribution. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000386 scree plot http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000038 graph A scree plot is a graphical display of the variance of each component in the dataset which is used to determine how many components should be retained in order to explain a high percentage of the variation in the data http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000387 scatterplot matrix http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000038 graph A scatterplot matrix contains all the pairwise scatter plots of a set of variables on a single page in a matrix format. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000388 alpha distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000067 continuous probability distribution The alpha distribution is a continuous probability distribution whose density function is as defined at: https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy-1.0.0/reference/tutorial/stats/continuous_alpha.html http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000389 power law distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000225 probability distribution a power-law probability distribution is a probability distribution whose density function (or mass function in the discrete case) has the form p(x) = L(x) . x^{-alpha} where alpha is a parameter >1 and L(x) is a slowly varying function. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000390 regression model http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000107 statistical model A regression model is a statistical model used in a type of analysis knowns as regression analysis, whereby a function is used to determine the relation between a response variable and an independent variable , with a set of unknown parameters. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000392 Pareto type-I probability distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000067 continuous probability distribution The Pareto distribution is a continuous probability distribution, which is defined by the follwoing probability density (1) function and distribution function (2) (1): P(x)=(ab^a)/(x^(a+1)) (2): D(x)=1-(b/x)^a defined over the interval x>=b. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000393 Pareto type-II probability distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000067 continuous probability distribution the Pareto type-II probability distribution is a continuous probability distribution which is defined by a probability density function characterized by 2 parameters, alpha and lambda, 2 real, strictly positive numbers. alpha is known as the shape parameter while lambda is known as the scale parameter. the function defines the probably of a continous random variable according to the following: p(x) = {\alpha \over \lambda} \left[{1+ {x \over \lambda}}\right]^{-(\alpha+1)}, \qquad x \geq 0, http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000394 Pareto type-III probability distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000067 continuous probability distribution The Pareto(III) distribution is a continous probability distribution which is described with a cumulative distribution function of the following form: F(x) = 1 − [1 + ((x − mu)/sigma)1/gamma]−1 for x > mu, sigma > 0, gamma > 0 and s =1. a is the location parameter, b is the scale parameter, g is the inequality parameter s is the shape parameter of value 1 The Pareto III distribution corresponds to a Pareto Type IV distribution where the shape parameter has a value of 1. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000395 Pareto type-IV probability distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000067 continuous probability distribution The Pareto(IV) distribution is a continous probability distribution which is described with a cumulative distribution function of the following form: F(y) = 1 − [1 + ((y − a)/b)1/g]−s for y > a, b > 0, g > 0 and s > 0. a is the location parameter, b is the scale parameter, g is the inequality parameter s is the shape parameter The distribution is used in actuarial science, economics, finance and telecommunications, but not restricted to those fields. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000396 geometric mean http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000029 measure of central tendency The geometric mean is defined as the nth root of the product of n numbers, i.e., for a set of numbers \{x_i\}_{i=1}^N, the geometric mean is defined as \left(\prod_{i=1}^N x_i\right)^{1/N}. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000397 harmonic mean http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000029 measure of central tendency The harmonic mean is a kind of mean which is calculated by dividing the total number of observations by the reciprocal of each number in a series. Harmonic Mean = N/(1/a1+1/a2+1/a3+1/a4+.......+1/aN) where a(i)= Individual score and N = Sample size (Number of scores) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000398 weighted arithmetic mean http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000029 measure of central tendency The weighted arithmetic mean is a measure of central tendency that is the sum of the products of each observed value and their respective non-negative weights, divided by the sum of the weights, such that the contribution of each observed value to the mean may defer according to its respective weight. It is defined by the formula: A = sum(vi*wi)/sum(wi), where 'i' ranges from 1 to n, 'vi' is the value of each observation, and 'wi' is the value of the respective weight for each observed value. The weighted arithmetic mean is a kind of mean similar to an ordinary arithmetic mean (the most common type of average), except that instead of each of the data points contributing equally to the final average, some data points are weighted, meaning they contribute more than others. The weighted arithmetic mean is often used if one wants to combine average values from samples of the same population with different sample sizes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000401 sample mean http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000573 average value the sample mean of sample of size n with n observations is an arithmetic mean computed over n number of observations on a statistical sample. The sample mean, denoted x¯ and read “x-bar,” is simply the average of the n data points x1, x2, ..., xn: x¯=x1+x2+⋯+xnn=1n∑i=1nxi The sample mean summarizes the "location" or "center" of the data. the sample mean is a measure of dispersion of the observations made on the sample and provides an unbias estimate of the population mean http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000405 unstructured covariance structure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000346 covariance structure A covariance structure where no restrictions are made on the covariance between any pair of measurements. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000472 degree of freedom approximation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200000 data transformation An estimate of the number of degrees of freedom. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000130 consecutive performance comparison content http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000030 information content entity An information content entity is aggregate of performance comparisons having the same type in a non-interrupted set of temporal intervals. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000663 F-beta score http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000623 measure of agreement The F-beta score is a measure of a model's accuracy, specifically designed to evaluate the performance of binary classification models. It is a generalized form of the F1 score, which itself is the harmonic mean of precision and recall. The F-beta score introduces a way to weigh recall more heavily than precision (or vice versa) depending on the value of beta. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000683 simple chance-corrected agreement coefficient http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000682 kappa A Kappa statistic in which the expected agreement by chance is based on an assumption that all possible categories for assignment are equally likely. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000686 mean calibration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000685 mesure of calibration A measure of calibration that is the average of a function of the difference between the expected values and the observed values. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000694 probability distribution standard deviation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000237 standard deviation A probability distribution attribute that is the square root of the distribution variance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000696 value-time curve http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000038 graph a value-time curve is a graph which plot time on the x-axis versus the value of a variable of interest as delivered by a process. It is used to represent the relationship there is the value and the time it takes to achieve that value. It is commonly used in project management or business analysis to evaluate and optimize how efficiently value is delivered over time. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000697 homogeneity test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000673 statistical test hypothesis an homogeneity test is a statistical test aiming at evaluate if the statisical measure from several random samples are similar http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000701 Chi-square test for homogeneity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000697 homogeneity test a statistical test which test for homogeneity of proportions, which is used when comparing proportions observed across multiple groups. It relies on frequencies calculated in contingency tables. It determines is proportions are consistent. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000702 prior probability http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000039 statistic A statistic that represents the likelihood of a parameter of interest, before accounting for the observed data from the study. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000705 measurement accuracy as a percentage http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000639 percentage Measurement accuracy refers to how close a measured value is to the true or accepted value of the quantity being measured. It is a percentage in which the numerator represents the absolute value of one minus the difference between the true value and the observed value, and the denominator represents the true value. Accuracy is often expressed as a percentage of the true value, based on the relative error: Accuracy (%)= (1 −∣Measured Value−True Value∣/True Value)×100 True Value: The reference or accepted value. Measured Value: The value obtained during the measurement. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000708 Cochran-Armitage Chi-Square Statistic for Trend http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000030 Chi-Squared statistic A chi-square statistic used to test whether a dichotomous variable and an ordinal variable are related. The statistic is calculated using a weighted sum of the differences between observed and expected frequencies, where the weights are based on the scores assigned to the ordered categories. Mathematically, it's often expressed as: Z = ∑(wi(Oi-Ei)/sqr( wi^2.Ei(1-Ei)) where wi are the scores, Oi observed frequencies, and Ei expected frequencies. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/stato.owl#http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000698 Chi-squared statistic for homogeneity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000030 Chi-Squared statistic A Chi-squared statistic used to test whether observed data from two or more groups follow the same distribution. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000482 trait-specific relationship matrix best linear unbiaised prediction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000337 breeding value estimation a data transformation which calculate estimates of genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) on an animal or plant model utilizing trait-specific marker information. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000129 peer 90th percentile benchmark http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000124 90th percentile benchmark It is about a peer group. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000468 model fixed effect term http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000466 model term a model fixed effect term is a model term which accounts for variation explained by an independent variable and its levels. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000478 pedigree data set http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000100 data set a dataset which is made up of pedigree information, that is presenting ancestry or lineage information in a set of individuals of an organism. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000620 risk http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000607 proportion A proportion in which the numerator represents the cases in which an event or characteristic occurs and the denominator represents all possible cases. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0003674 GO:molecular_function http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000015 process A molecular process that can be carried out by the action of a single macromolecular machine, usually via direct physical interactions with other molecular entities. Function in this sense denotes an action, or activity, that a gene product (or a complex) performs. These actions are described from two distinct but related perspectives: (1) biochemical activity, and (2) role as a component in a larger system/process. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0003824 catalytic activity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0003674 GO:molecular_function Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0008150 biological_process http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000015 process A biological process represents a specific objective that the organism is genetically programmed to achieve. Biological processes are often described by their outcome or ending state, e.g., the biological process of cell division results in the creation of two daughter cells (a divided cell) from a single parent cell. A biological process is accomplished by a particular set of molecular functions carried out by specific gene products (or macromolecular complexes), often in a highly regulated manner and in a particular temporal sequence. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0010467 gene expression http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0008150 biological_process The process in which a gene's sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0043234 protein complex http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000040 material entity A stable macromolecular complex composed (only) of two or more polypeptide subunits along with any covalently attached molecules (such as lipid anchors or oligosaccharide) or non-protein prosthetic groups (such as nucleotides or metal ions). Prosthetic group in this context refers to a tightly bound cofactor. The component polypeptide subunits may be identical. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000615 relative difference http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000613 difference A statistic that is a difference between 1 and a ratio of the two quantities being compared. Relative Difference = 1 - ( a / b ). Because 1 - ( a / b ) is not equal to 1 - ( b / a ), Relative Difference may be expressed as "Relative Difference with respect to b" when referring to 1 - ( a / b ). The relative difference can also be defined as a statistic that is a ratio of the absolute difference (of the two quantities being compared) to the reference value (one of the quantities being compared). Relative Difference = ( b - a ) / ( b ) where b is the reference value and this may also be called "Relative Difference with respect to b". http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000042 desired decrease http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000038 desired direction A desired direction that specifies that lower values of a quality measure are intended or targeted over time. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000483 Bayes A http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000337 breeding value estimation Bayes A is a data transformation used in the context of estimating breeding value, which relies on a Bayesian model and treats the prior probability π that a SNP has zero effect as unknown (i.e π=0) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000485 estimated breeding value http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000471 estimate the estimated breeding value of an organism is a data item computed to estimate the true breeding value defined as genetic merit of an organism, half of which will be passed on to its progeny. While the exact breeding value can not been known, for performance traits it is possible to make good estimates. These estimates are called Estimated Breeding Values (EBVs). EBVs are expressed in the units of measurement for each particular trait. These estimates are output of various estimation methods which differ depending on the underlying assumptions (equal variance of marker effect, all markers contributing to the trait) , the mathemical methods used (bayesian or non-bayesians) and the genetic inheritance models being considered (additive, dominant, epistatic) selected by the analysts. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000492 Bayesian least absolute shrinkage and selection operator http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000337 breeding value estimation Bayesian LASSO is a data transformation where the regression parameters have independent Laplace (i.e., double-exponential) priors and are used to interprete Lasso estimate for linear regression parameters as Bayesian posterior mode estimates in accordance to a Bayesian framework. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000693 probability distribution variance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000113 variance A distribution variance is defined as a probability distribution attribute that is the expected value of the square of the difference of the value of a variable that has that distribution from its expected value. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000556 number of orthogonal components http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000047 count number of orthogonal components is a count used as input to the orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000685 mesure of calibration http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000039 statistic A measure of association between a variable representing known or true values and a variable representing measured or predicted values. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000688 calibration intercept http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000685 mesure of calibration A measure of calibration that is the difference between the mean expected value and the mean observed value. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000689 partial area under the receiver operator characteristic curve http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000209 area under curve An area under the curve where the curve is the true positive rate and the range of interest is a specified portion of the range of possible values for the false positive rate and/or range of possible values for the true positive rate. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0002444 measurand role http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000023 role A role borne by a material entity and realized in an assay which achieves the objective to measure the magnitude/concentration/amount of the measurand in the entity bearing evaluant role. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000554 number of cross-validation segments http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000047 count number of cross-validation segments is a count which is used as input parameter in a cross validation procedure to evaluate a statistical model. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000595 number of true positive http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000047 count the number of true positive is a count which denotes how many elements are correctly classified as having a feature they are actually known to be having (e.g. carrier of a pathogen). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000596 number of false positive http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000047 count the number of false positive is a count which denotes how many elements known to be void of feature are wrongly classified as having it (e.g. being diagnosed with a disease when one is totally healthy) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000597 number of true negative http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000047 count the number of true negative is a count which denotes how many elements are correctly classified as void of a feature they are actually known to be missing (e.g. free of pathogen). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000598 number of false negative http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000047 count the number of false negative is a count which denotes how many elements known to be having a feature are wrongly classified as being devoided of it (e.g. being given an all clear while being actually infected and carrier of a pathogen) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000599 point estimate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000471 estimate a point estimate is a data item which provides a particular value evaluating a population parameter http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000600 interval estimate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000471 estimate an interval estimate is a data item corresponding to a range of values likely to contain the population parameter of interest http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000601 simultaneous multiple testing correction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200089 multiple testing correction method simultaneous multiple testing method is a multiple testing correction method which... http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000602 sequential multiple testing correction method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200089 multiple testing correction method sequential multiple testing method is a multiple testing correction method which... http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000603 alpha debt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000602 sequential multiple testing correction method a sequential multiple correction procedure which does not maintain a constant false positive rate but allows it to grow controllably. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000604 alpha investing procedure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000602 sequential multiple testing correction method a type of sequential multiple testing correction method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000605 alpha spending procedure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000602 sequential multiple testing correction method a type of sequential multiple testing correction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000606 q-statistic http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000039 statistic q is the basic statistic for the studentized range distribution, which is used for multiple comparison procedures, such as the single step procedure Tukey's range test, the Newman–Keuls method, and the Duncan's step down procedure, and establishing confidence intervals that are still valid after data snooping has occurred http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000607 proportion http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000184 ratio a proportion is a ratio which corresponds to the fraction of the total presenting a particular feature http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000609 measure of hypothesis testing http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000039 statistic http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000610 measure of association http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000039 statistic measure of association is a statistic which quantitatively represents a relationship between two or more variables http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000613 difference http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000039 statistic A statistic that is a subtraction of one quantity from another. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000614 absolute difference http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000613 difference A statistic that is a subtraction of one quantity from another, with no modification of the resulting value. As a type of statistic, "Absolute Difference" is the actual difference between two quantities and can be positive or negative depending on the order of subtraction. The term "Absolute Difference" should not be confused with the mathematical term 'absolute value' which is a numerical value without a negative sign. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000616 count difference http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000614 absolute difference A statistic that is a subtraction of one count from another. The term Count Difference is used to specify the Absolute Difference is with respect to a count or number of items (such as number of events, platelet counts, sample size e.g. number of people in the group) to distinguish from differences in other types of statistics (mean difference, median difference, risk difference, etc.) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000618 Cohen's d http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000100 standardized mean difference A standardized mean difference which is calculated as a difference between two means, divided by a square root of an average of the variances of the two groups. In Cohen's d statistic, the statistical measure of dispersion is specified as the square root of an average of the variances of the two groups being compared. The variances of the two groups are based on within-group standard deviations. For sample sizes < 50, a correction factor is used. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000619 negative predictive value http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000607 proportion A proportion in which the numerator represents the correctly non-detected items within the denominator that represents all items not detected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000621 diagnostic yield http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000607 proportion diagnostic yield is a proportion in which the numerator represents the correctly detected items within the denominator that represents all items tested. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000622 ratio-based measure of association http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000610 measure of association ratio-based measure of association is a measure of association which relies on a quotient of 2 quantities to indicate the strength of the association. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000623 measure of agreement http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000610 measure of association A measure of association of two variables representing measurements of the same attribute of an entity. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000624 Gini index http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000028 measure of dispersion The Gini index, or Gini coefficient, is a statistical measure of dispersion which assesses the pattern of data in a frequency distribution, in particular it measures the inequality among values. Geometrically, the Gini index can be defined as the ratio of 2 areas delineated by 2 curves, the line of equality (curve 1) and the Lorenz curve (curve 2). The numerator of the ratio corresponds to the area defined between curve 1 and curve 2 , while the denominator corresponds to the entire area below curve 1. Mathematically, the Gini index is defined as half of the relative mean absolute difference. It was therefore originally used to assess income inequality and is named after the italian statistician Corrado Gini who published it in 1912. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000625 relative mean difference http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000615 relative difference A statistic that is a difference between 1 and a ratio of the two mean values being compared. Relative Mean Difference = 1 - ( a / b ) where a and b are mean values. The relative mean difference can also be defined as a statistic that is a ratio of the difference in means to the reference mean value. Relative Mean Difference = ( b - a ) / ( b ) where b is the reference mean value and a is another mean value. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000626 relative risk difference http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000615 relative difference A statistic that is a difference between 1 and a ratio of the two risk values being compared. Relative Risk Difference = 1 - ( a / b ) where a and b are risk values. The relative risk difference can also be defined as a statistic that is a ratio of the risk difference to the risk used as a reference. Relative Risk Difference = ( b - a ) / ( b ) where b is the reference risk value and a is another risk value. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000627 odds http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000184 ratio odds correspond to a ratio in which the numerator represents the probability that an event will occur and the denominator represents the probability that an event will not occur. 'Odds' and 'Odds ratio' are different terms. 'Odds' is a ratio of probabilities. 'Odds ratio' is a ratio of two different odds. Odds are calculated as p / (1-p) where p is the probability of event occurrence. When p = 0, the odds = 0. When p = 1, the odds may be expressed as not calculable or as "odds against = 0". Odds may be expressed as p:(1-p). Odds may be expressed as p:q where q = 1-p. Odds may be expressed as a:b where a and b are multiples of p and (1-p). Examples of different expressions of the same odds include 3:2, 3/2, 0.6:0.4, 0.6/0.4, and 1.5. Odds may be expressed as "odds for" or "odds in favor" (e.g. 1:5 for a "3" on a 6-sided die) or "odds against" (e.g. 5:1 against a "3" on a 6-sided die). The term "betting odds" used in gambling that involves financial amounts in the formulation is not an "Odds" in the definition of the Scientific Evidence Code System. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000629 Scott's pi http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000682 kappa A Kappa statistic where the expected agreement between two raters is expressed in terms of the square of arithmetic means of marginal proportions of each assessment category. Scott's pi is a kappa statistic for two raters that assumes the likelihood of each category for assignment is based on the same distribution of rater responses, leading to the use of squared arithmetic means of the marginal proportion of each assessment category as its estimate of "chance agreement." Pr(expected) is calculated using squared "joint proportions" which are squared arithmetic means of the marginal proportions of each assessment category, in contrast to Cohen's Kappa which uses squared geometric means. Scott's pi = ( p[a] - p[e] ) / ( 1 - p[e] ) where p[a] is the observed percent agreement and p[e] is the expected chance agreement expressed as the squared joint proportions of the marginal sums. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000631 modified Cohen’s kappa for more than 2 raters http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000682 kappa A Kappa statistic in which the expected agreement by chance is based on an assumption that the likelihood of each category for assignment is based on the proportion observed, and the number of raters is more than 2. A Kappa statistic is a measure of agreement among categorical assessments, corrected for chance agreement. In the modified Cohen's kappa for more than 2 raters, the expected chance agreement is modeled as the summation of the differences, between the square of the expected probability of the category and the quotient of its variance divided by the number of raters, for each category. The modified Cohen's kappa for more than 2 raters is calculated as ( p[a] - p[e] ) / ( 1 - p[e] ) where p[a] is the observed percent agreement and p[e] is the expected chance agreement. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000634 reciprocal of difference http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000039 statistic A statistic that is a quotient of one and a difference. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000641 Friedman test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000279 between group comparison statistical test The Friedman test is a non-parametric statistical test used to determine whether there are statistically significant differences among multiple related groups. It is an extension of the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for more than two related samples. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000644 sign test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200000 data transformation The sign test is a non-parametric hypothesis test used to assess whether the median of a single population is equal to a specified value, typically referred to as the null hypothesis. The sign test is particularly useful when the data are not normally distributed or when the assumptions required for parametric tests are not met. Note that the 'sign test' is related but different from the "Wilcoxon signed rank test'. Sign test: It does not assume any specific distribution for the data. It only requires paired data and makes no assumptions about the shape of the underlying distribution. Wilcoxon signed-rank test: It assumes that the differences between paired observations come from a symmetric distribution. It's also more powerful than the sign test when the distribution is continuous and symmetric. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000645 rate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000184 ratio A ratio in which the numerator represents any quantity and the denominator represents an interval of time. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000647 standard error of the proportion http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000562 standard error of estimate A measure of dispersion applied to proportions across hypothetical repeated random samples. A standard error is used to quantify the uncertainty around a statistical estimate due to random sampling error. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000648 standard error of the difference between independent means http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000562 standard error of estimate A measure of dispersion applied to differences between means of independent groups across hypothetical repeated random samples. A standard error is used to quantify the uncertainty around a statistical estimate due to random sampling error. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000649 standard error of the difference between independent proportions http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000562 standard error of estimate A measure of dispersion applied to differences between proportions arising from independent groups across hypothetical repeated random samples. A standard error is used to quantify the uncertainty around a statistical estimate due to random sampling error. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000650 sampling variance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000471 estimate sampling variance refers to the variability in the estimates of a population parameter that arises from random sampling. sampling variance is a variance of the sampling distribution of a random variable and estimates the dispersion of sample estimates about their expected value in hypothetical repetitions of the sample. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000651 statistical sample http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000004 independent continuant the output of a statistical sampling, a draw from a distribution or a population of physical or immaterial entities. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000653 Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000191 goodness of fit statistical test The Hosmer-Lemeshow test is a statistical test used to assess the goodness of fit of a logistic regression model. It evaluates how well the predicted probabilities from the model match the observed outcomes in the data. The test helps determine whether the logistic regression model adequately captures the relationship between the predictor variables and the binary outcome variable. The test statistic follows a chi-square distribution with degrees of freedom equal to the number of groups minus the number of parameters estimated in the logistic regression model. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000654 paired observation comparison objective http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000675 statistical hypothesis test objective the objective of a data transformation to test a null hypothesis of absence of difference within subject holds. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000655 calibration plot http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000573 line graph calibration plot is a line graph which plots values resulting from predictions againts values obtained through observation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000656 slope http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000027 data item the slope of a line graph is a data item denoting the rate of change between the two variables represented on the graph. the slope is used to visualize and interpret the relationship between two variables. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000657 intercept http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000027 data item an intercept is a data item which corresponds to where a graph line cuts (intercepts) an coordinates axis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000658 mean time-to-event http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000573 average value A mean of values in which each value is the duration of time between the start of observation and the occurrence of an event. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000659 median time-to-event http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000574 center value A median of values in which each value is the duration of time between the start of observation and the occurrence of an event. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000665 difference in differences http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000614 absolute difference A statistic that is a subtraction of one difference from another. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000676 number density http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000675 density A ratio in which the numerator represents a count and the denominator represents an interval of space (distance, area, or volume). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000039 desired increase http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000038 desired direction A desired direction that specifies that higher values of a quality measure are intended or targeted over time. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000605 abbreviation textual entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000300 textual entity A textual entity listing abbreviations and their expansions that are used in a document. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000608 author information textual entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000300 textual entity A textual entity expression information about an author of a document. This information may include biographical information and may discuss how the authors' professional experiences are relevant to the work described in the document. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000610 author summary textual entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000300 textual entity A textual entity, distinct from the abstract, that describes the significance and broader context of the document content. The author summary is often written in a non-technical manner and is aimed at both scientists and non-scientist readers, e.g as described in the article submission guidelines for PLoS Genetics (http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/s/submission-guidelines). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000612 availability textual entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000300 textual entity A textual entity expressing the location of a resource, e.g. software, or the manner in which a resource can be obtained. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000614 case report textual entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000300 textual entity A textual entity that expresses a detailed account of a portion of the medical history for a specific patient. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000617 conflict of interest textual entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000300 textual entity A textual entity that expresses a situation involving one or more of the authors, or the funding source of a document whereby the authors or funding source stand to potentially gain (typically financially) from the results reported in the document. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000619 consent textual entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000300 textual entity A textual entity that documents the consenting process used to enroll patients in a study. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000621 ethical approval textual entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000300 textual entity A textual entity that documents the ethical approval of some study design. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000624 funding source declaration textual entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000300 textual entity A textual entity documenting the source of funding that supported some study. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000626 future directions textual entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000300 textual entity A textual entity expressing ideas regarding future work relevant to work described in a document that could be done. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000628 genome announcement textual entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000300 textual entity A textual entity that describes the generation and public release of a novel, draft genome sequence. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000629 keyword textual entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000300 textual entity A textual entity listing keywords indicating the major theme(s) of a document. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000632 study limitations textual entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000300 textual entity A textual entity addressing a shortcoming or bias of a study design or execution. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000635 patients section http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000314 document part A part of a document about the patients that participated in a study. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000636 patients textual entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000300 textual entity A textual entity expressing information regarding the patients used in a study. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000638 pre-publication history textual entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000300 textual entity A textual entity that expresses the pre-publication history (submission dates, reviewer comments, etc) for a document, often including a hyperlink to a web page detailing the information. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000640 related work textual entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000300 textual entity A textual entity that discusses work from other publications and expresses their relevancy to the content of a document. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000642 requirements textual entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000300 textual entity A textual entity that expresses the requirements necessary to use a resource, e.g. software. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000643 statistical analysis textual entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000300 textual entity A textual entity documenting statistical analysis tools and techniques employed. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000555 number of predictive components http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000047 count number of predictive components is a count used as input to the principle component analysis (PCA) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000583 completely randomized design http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0500000 study design a completely randomized design is a type of design of experiment where the observation unit receive treatments (independent variable level) entirely at random. In other words, the observations unit are randomly assigned to treatments. Completely randomized designs differ from randomized complete block design and should not be confused as in the latter, a blocking variable is first use to assign experimental units to blocks. Then only, the members of each block are then randomly assigned to different treatment groups http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000480 ridge regression best linear unbiaised predictor http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000337 breeding value estimation RR-BLUP is a data transformation used in the context of estimating breeding value using a Bayesian ridge regression. It can be obtained from Bayes B procedure by setting pi parameter to zero ( ) and assuming that all the markers have the same variance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000127 average comparator http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000095 social comparator Average comparator is social comparator content that is about a mean performance level for a population. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000427 restricted maximum likelihood estimation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000428 maximum likelihood estimation restricted maximum likelihood estimation is a kind of maximum likelihood estimation data transformation which estimates the variance components of random-effects in univariate and multivariate meta-analysis. in contrast to 'maximum likelihood estimation', reml can produce unbiased estimates of variance and covariance parameters. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000337 breeding value estimation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200000 data transformation breeding value estimation is a data transformation process aiming at computing breeding value estimates of an organism given a set of genomic (SNP) observations, pedigree information and/or phenotypic observations. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000338 breeding value estimation using genotype data http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000337 breeding value estimation breeding value estimation is a data transformation process aiming at computing breeding value estimates of an organism given a set of genomic (SNP) observations. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000339 breeding value estimation using pedigree data http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000337 breeding value estimation breeding value estimation is a data transformation process aiming at computing breeding value estimates of an organism given a set of pedigree information. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000340 breeding value estimation using phenotypic data http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000337 breeding value estimation breeding value estimation is a data transformation process aiming at computing breeding value estimates of an organism given a set of phenotypic observations. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000342 genomic selection objective http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200166 data transformation objective genomic selection objective is a data transformation objective which is a special case of marker-assisted selection in which genetic markers covering the whole genome are used so that all quantitative trait loci (QTL) are in linkage disequilibrium with at least one marker. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000343 genotype data set http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000100 data set a dataset which is made up of genotypic information, that is presenting allele information at specific loci in a set of individuals of an organism. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000407 Fagan nomogram http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000038 graph Fagan nomogram is a graph plotting pre-test probabilities, likelyhood ratios and post-test probabilities on 3 parallel axis. The plot was first proposed by Fagan in 1975 as a way to visualize Baye's Theorem data where P(D) is the probability that the patient has the disease before the test. P(D|T) is the probability that the patient has the disease after the test result. P(T|D) is the probability of the test result if the patient has the disease, and P(T|D̄) is the probability of the test result if the patient does not have the disease. With this terminology the usefulness of both positive and negative test results can be assessed. A line drawn from P(D) on the right through the ratio of P(T|D) to P(T|D̄) gives P(D|T) on the left of the nomogram. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000408 2 step Fagan nomogram http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000038 graph Two-Step Fagan Nomogram, which adds two extra axis between the LR axis that represents sensibility and specificity to calculate negative and positive likelihood ratios in the same nomogram http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000409 likelihood ratio http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000622 ratio-based measure of association the likelihood ratio is a ratio which is formed by dividing the post-test odds with the pre-test odds in the context of a Bayesian formulation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000412 prevalence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000607 proportion A proportion in which the numerator represents all events of interest (for example, both new and preexisting cases of a disease) in the population, which is represented by the denominator. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000414 mortality http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000184 ratio mortality is a ratio formed by the number of deaths due to a disease divided by the total population size. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000415 accuracy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000639 percentage in the context of binary classification, accuracy is defined as the proportion of true results (both true positives and true negatives) to the total number of cases examined (the sum of true positive, true negative, false positive and false negative). It can be understood as a measure of the proximity of measurement results to the true value. Accuracy is a metric used in the context of classification tasks to evaluate the proportion of correctly predicted instances among the total instances. Key Points: Use Case: Classification performance evaluation. Metric: Measures the proportion of correct predictions. Interpretation: Higher values indicate better classification performance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000417 pretest probability http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000184 ratio The probability of a patient having the target disorder before a diagnostic test result is known http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000418 measure of heterogeneity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000028 measure of dispersion a measure of heterogeneity in meta-analysis is a data item which aims to describe the variation in study outcomes between studies. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000419 Cochran's Q statistic http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000418 measure of heterogeneity The Cochran's Q statistic is a measure of heterogeneity accros study computed by summing the squared deviations of each study's estimate from the overall meta-analytic estimate, weighting each study's contribution in the same manner as in the meta-analysis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000421 Tau squared http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000418 measure of heterogeneity Tau-squared is an estimate of the between-study variance in a random-effects meta-analysis. The square root of this number (i.e. tau) is the estimated standard deviation of underlying effects across studies. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000422 L'Abbe plot http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000038 graph The L’Abbé plot was introduced in 1987 in the context of meta-analyses of clinical trials with dichotomous (binary) outcomes, as a plot of observed risks in the treatment group against observed risks in the control group. Another formulation is that it plots the event rate in the experimental (intervention) group against the event rate in the control group, as an aid to exploring the heterogeneity of effect estimates within a meta-analysis. It is diagram used in meta-analysis that compares the risks observed in the experimental and control arms of clinical trials. Each trial is located in the space of a diagram where the sizes of the circles indicate the sizes of the trials. Trials in which the experimental treatment had a higher risk than the control will be in the upper left of the plot. If risk in the both groups is the same the circle will fall on the line of equality. If the control treatment has a higher risk than the experimental treatment then the point will be in the lower right of the plot. It is often used as an indicator of heterogeneity and hence as an indicator of the likelihood that results from different trials can be validly combined. Named after Kristin L'Abbé. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000423 observed risk http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000620 risk the proportion of individuals in a population with the outcome of interest http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000425 Sidik-Jonkman estimator http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000471 estimate Sidik-Jonkman estimator is a data item computed to estimate heterogeneity parameter (estimate of between-study variance) in a random effect model for meta analysis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000426 Hunter-Schmidt estimator http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000471 estimate Hunter-Schmidt estimator is a data item computed to estimate heterogeneity parameter (estimate of between-study variance) in a random effect model for meta analysis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000428 maximum likelihood estimation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000119 model parameter estimation maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) is a method of estimating the parameters of a statistical model, given observations. MLE attempts to find the parameter values that maximize the likelihood function, given the observations. The method of maximum likelihood is based on the likelihood function, {\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}(\theta \,;x)} {\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}(\theta \,;x)}. We are given a statistical model, i.e. a family of distributions {\displaystyle \{f(\cdot \,;\theta )\mid \theta \in \Theta \}} {\displaystyle \{f(\cdot \,;\theta )\mid \theta \in \Theta \}}, where {\displaystyle \theta } \theta denotes the (possibly multi-dimensional) parameter for the model. The method of maximum likelihood finds the values of the model parameter, {\displaystyle \theta } \theta , that maximize the likelihood function, {\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}(\theta \,;x)} {\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}(\theta \,;x)}. I http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000429 DerSimonian-Laird estimator http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000471 estimate DerSimonian-Laird estimator s a data item computed to estimate heterogeneity parameter (estimate of between-study variance) in a random effect model for meta analysis. The estimator is used in simple noniterative procedure for characterizing the distribution of treatment effects in a series of studies http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000431 meta analysis by DerSimonian and Leard method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000155 meta analysis a meta analysis which relies on the computation of the DerSimonian and Leard estimator as a measure of heterogeneity over a set of studies. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000432 meta analysis by Hunter-Schmidt method http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000155 meta analysis a meta analysis which relies on the computation of the Hunter and Schmidt estimator as a measure of heterogeneity over a set of studies by considering the weighted mean of the raw correlation coefficient. Hunter and Schmidt developed what is commonly termed validity generalization procedures (Schmidt and Hunter, 1977). These involve correcting the effect sizes in the meta-analysis for sampling, and measurement error and range restriction. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000434 Cochran's q test for heterogeneity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000027 test of association between categorical variables Cochran's Q test is a statistical test used for unreplicated randomized block design experiments with a binary response variable and paired data. In the analysis of two-way randomized block designs where the response variable can take only two possible outcomes (coded as 0 and 1), Cochran's Q test is a non-parametric statistical test to verify whether k treatments have identical effects. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000435 probability distribution scale parameter http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000028 measure of dispersion a probability distribution scale parameter is a measure of variation which is set by the operator when selecting a parametric probability distribution and which defines how spread the distribution is. The larger the value of the scale parameter is, the more spread out the distribution. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000436 probability distribution shape parameter http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000027 data item a probability distribution shape parameter is a data item which is set by the operator when selecting a parametric probability distribution and which dictates the way the profile but not the location or size of the distribution plot looks like. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000437 scale estimator http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000471 estimate a scale estimator is a measurement datum (a statistic) which is calculated to approach the actual scale parameter of a probability distribution from observed data. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000439 outlier detection testing objective http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000675 statistical hypothesis test objective outlier detection testing objective is a statistical objective of a data transformation which aims to test a null hypothesis that an observation is not an outlier. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000444 split-plot design http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000586 restricted randomized design a split-plot design is kind of factorial design which is used when running a full factorial completely randomized design is inpractical, either for cost or practicalities (e.g. equipment, fields), in other words, when a restricted randomization has to be applied. A split-plot design is used whenever practioners fix the level of 'hard to change factor' and run all the combinations of the other factors. The hard to change factor is also refered to as the 'whole plot' factor, while the remainders of the factors are refered to as 'split plot factor'. Performing a split-plot design therefore means fixing one factor level, and then applying the treatments formed by the cartesian products of the levels for the other factors. A mininum of 2 factors are required and one being applied before the other(s). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000445 split split plot design http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000444 split-plot design a split split plot design is a study design where restricted randomization affect 2 study factors (and not 1 as in split-plot design). Such design is only possible if at least 3 independent variables are present. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000446 restricted randomization http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0302900 group randomization Restricted randomization is a kind of randomization which is used or occured when hard to change factors exist in a study design. In other words, when complete randomization is not possible, a case of restricted randomization exists, for instance in the case of split-plot design. Restricted randomization allows intuitively poor allocations of treatments to experimental units to be avoided, while retaining the theoretical benefits of randomization. Restricted randomization can also result from an unplanned event and is then something that should be avoided. RandomizeR R package can be used to detect such events and assess the quality of randomization process. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000447 whole plot number http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000027 data item a 'whole plot number' is a data item used to count and identify the actual piece of land (in the case of real field based trials) used in a split plot design experiment and receiving treatments corresponding to the levels of a factor whose randomization is restricted (these factors are known as 'hard to change' factors). In the case of non-field based trials, the 'whole plot' is a metaphor. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000448 sub-plot number http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000027 data item a 'sub plot number' is a data item used to count and identify the actual piece of land located within a 'whole plot', in the case of real field based trials using a split-plot design, and received completely randomized treatments corresponding to the factor levels combinations of the remainder factors declared in the experiment. in the case of 'split-split plot design', sub-plots also receive treatments corresponding to a factor whose randomization is restriction. In such configuration, each 'sub-plot' is itself divided into 'sub sub-plot', which then received the remainder of the treatments in completely randomized fashion. In the case of non-field based trials, the notion 'sub-plot' is a metaphor. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000449 sub sub-plot number http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000027 data item a 'sub sub-plot number' is a data item used to count and identify the actual piece of land located within a 'sub plot', in the case of real field based trials using a split-split-plot design, and received completely randomized treatments corresponding to the factor levels combinations of the remainder factors declared in the experiment. in the case of 'split-split plot design', sub-plots also receive treatments corresponding to a factor whose randomization is restriction. In such configuration, each 'sub-plot' is itself divided into 'sub sub-plot', which then received the remainder of the treatments in completely randomized fashion. In the case of non-field based trials, the notion 'sub sub-plot' is a metaphor. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000450 Wilk's Lambda http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000039 statistic "Wilks' lambda is a test statistic used in multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) to test whether there are differences between the means of identified groups of subjects on a combination of dependent variables." http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000451 Pillai's trace http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000039 statistic Pillai trace is a statistic used for the following three tests during a multivariate analysis of variance: (a) equality of mean vectors of lp‐variate normal distributions with the common but unknown covariance matrix, (b) independence between two sets of variates distributed jointly as a normal distribution with unknown mean vector, and (c) equality of covariance matrices of two p‐variate normal distributions with unknown mean vectors. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000452 Hotelling-Lawley trace http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000039 statistic "The Lawley–Hotelling trace is used to test the equality of mean vectors of k p‐variate normal distributions with common but unknown covariance matrix. The explicit form of the null distribution of T$_{0}^{2}$equation image is the F distribution. The asymptotic null distribution is the chi‐square distribution. The power function of the test is described and its power is compared with the likelihood ratio test. " http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000453 Roy’s Maximum Root http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000039 statistic Roy's maximum root is a statistic used in multivariate analysis of variance to find the maximum characteristic root or eigenvalue statistic for testing equality of k p-variate normal distributions with same covariance matrix, independence between two sets of variables jointly distributed as a normal distribution, equality of covariance matrices of two p-variate normal distributions, whether the covariance matrix of a p-variabte normal distribution with unknown mean vector equals a specified matrix. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000454 multivariate analysis of variance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200201 ANOVA "The multivariate analysis of variance, or MANOVA, is a procedure for comparing multivariate sample means. As a multivariate procedure, it is used when there are two or more dependent variables, and is typically followed by significance tests involving individual dependent variables separately. It helps to answer: 1. Do changes in the independent variable(s) have significant effects on the dependent variables? 2. What are the relationships among the dependent variables? 3. What are the relationships among the independent variables?" http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000457 mean difference http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000614 absolute difference The mean difference, or difference in means, measures the absolute difference between the mean value in two different groups. The mean difference is a subtraction of one mean from another. The primary use of this term is in analyzing between-group differences http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000459 group sequential design http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0500000 study design group sequential design is a study design used in clinical trial settings in which interim analyses of the data are conducted after groups of patients are recruited. After each interim analysis, the trial may stop early if the evidence so far shows the new treatment is particularly effective or ineffective. Such designs are ethical and cost-effective, and so are of great interest in practice. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000460 interim analysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200000 data transformation interim analysis is a data transformation used to analyzed studies implementing a group-sequential design, to evaluate and interpret the accumulating information during a clinical trial. It means that the analysis of data that is conducted before full data collection has been completed. Clinical trials are unusual in that enrollment of patients is a continual process staggered in time. This means that if a treatment is particularly beneficial or harmful compared to the concurrent placebo group while the study is on-going, the investigators are ethically obliged to assess that difference using the data at hand and to make a deliberate consideration of terminating the study earlier than planned. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000461 O'brien-Flemming boundary analysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000460 interim analysis the O'brien-Flemming boundary analysis is a kind of interim-analysis method implemented by O'brien and Flemming to account for the As all frequentist methods of the same type, it focuses on controlling the type I error rate as the repeated hypothesis testing of accumulating data increases the type I error rate of a clinical trial. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000462 Pocock boundary analysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000460 interim analysis The Pocock boundary analysis gives a p-value threshold for each interim analysis which guides the data monitoring committee on whether to stop the trial. The boundary used depends on the number of interim analyses. The Pocock boundary is simple to use in that the p-value threshold is the same at each interim analysis. The disadvantages are that the number of interim analyses must be fixed at the start and it is not possible under this scheme to add analyses after the trial has started. Another disadvantage is that investigators and readers frequently do not understand how the p-values are reported: for example, if there are five interim analyses planned, but the trial is stopped after the third interim analysis because the p-value was 0.01, then the overall p-value for the trial is still reported as <0.05 and not as 0.01. As all frequentist methods of the same type, it focuses on controlling the type I error rate as the repeated hypothesis testing of accumulating data increases the type I error rate of a clinical trial. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000463 Haybittle-Peto boundary analysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000460 interim analysis The Haybittle–Peto boundary analysis is an interim analysis where a rule for deciding when to stop a clinical trial prematurely is defined. It is named for John Haybittle and Richard Peto. The Haybittle–Peto boundary is one such stopping rule, and it states that if an interim analysis shows a probability of equal to, or less than 0.001 that a difference as extreme or more between the treatments is found, given that the null hypothesis is true, then the trial should be stopped early. The final analysis is still evaluated at the normal level of significance (usually 0.05).[3][4] The main advantage of the Haybittle–Peto boundary is that the same threshold is used at every interim analysis, unlike the O'Brien–Fleming boundary, which changes at every analysis. Also, using the Haybittle–Peto boundary means that the final analysis is performed using a 0.05 level of significance as normal, which makes it easier for investigators and readers to understand. The main argument against the Haybittle–Peto boundary is that some investigators believe that the Haybittle–Peto boundary is too conservative and makes it too difficult to stop a trial. As all frequentist methods of the same type, it focuses on controlling the type I error rate as the repeated hypothesis testing of accumulating data increases the type I error rate of a clinical trial. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000465 empirical measure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000027 data item An empirical measure is a random measure arising from a particular realization of a (usually finite) sequence of random variables. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000466 model term http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000027 data item A model term is a data item set in statistical model formula to apportion source of variation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000469 model interaction effect term http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000466 model term a model interaction effect term is a model term which accounts for variation explained by the combined effects of the factor levels of more than one (usually 2) independent variables. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000470 model error term http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000466 model term a model error term is a model term which accounts for residual variation not explained by the other components (fixed and random effect terms) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000471 estimate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000039 statistic a estimate is a data item which is computed from a dataset to provide an approximated value (an estimator) for a 'statistical parameter' (a 'characteristics/parameter' of the true underlying distribution) of a real population. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000473 Kenward-Roger degree of freedom approximation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000472 degree of freedom approximation The Kenward-Roger method's fundamental idea is to calculate the approximate mean and variance of their statistic and then match moments with an F distribution to obtain the denominator degrees of freedom. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000484 Bayes B http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000337 breeding value estimation Bayes B is a data transformation used in the context of estimating breeding value, which relies on a Bayesian model, treats the prior probability π that a SNP has zero effect to a set value (i.e π >0) and uses a mixture distribution. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000487 additive genetic inheritance model http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000534 genetic inheritance model an additive genetic model is a data item which refers to the contributions to the final phenotype from more than one gene, or from alleles of a single gene (in heterozygotes), that combine in such a way that the sum of their effects in unison is equal to the sum of their effects individually. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000488 additive dominant genetic inheritance model http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000534 genetic inheritance model an additive genetic model is a data item which refer to the contributions to the final phenotype from more than one gene, or from alleles of a single gene (in heterozygotes), that combine in such a way that the sum of their effects in unison is equal to the sum of their individual effects and their dominance effect (of alleles at a single locus). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000489 additive dominant genetic and epistatic inheritance model http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000534 genetic inheritance model an additive genetic model is a data item which refer to the contributions to the final phenotype from more than one gene, or from alleles of a single gene (in heterozygotes), that combine in such a way that the sum of their effects in unison is equal to the sum of their individual effect, their additive dominant (effect (of alleles at a single locus) and their epistasic effect (of alleles at more different loci). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000490 Dunn’s multiple comparison test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000279 between group comparison statistical test Dunn’s Multiple Comparison Test is a post hoc (i.e. it’s run after an ANOVA) non parametric test (a “distribution free” test that doesn’t assume your data comes from a particular distribution). It is one of the least powerful of the multiple comparisons tests and can be a very conservative test–especially for larger numbers of comparisons. The Dunn is an alternative to the Tukey test when you only want to test for differences in a small subset of all possible pairs; For larger numbers of pairwise comparisons, use Tukey’s instead. Use Dunn’s when you choose to test a specific number of comparisons before you run the ANOVA and when you are not comparing to controls. If you are comparing to a control group, use the Dunnett test instead. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000491 Conover-Iman test of multiple comparisons using rank sums http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000279 between group comparison statistical test Conover-Iman test for stochastic dominance is a stastical test for multiple group comparisons and reports the results among multiple pairwise comparisons after a Kruskal-Wallis test for stochastic dominance among k groups (Kruskal and Wallis, 1952). The interpretation of stochastic dominance requires an assumption that the CDF of one group does not cross the CDF of the other. The null hypothesis for each pairwise comparison is that the probability of observing a randomly selected value from the first group that is larger than a randomly selected value from the second group equals one half; this null hypothesis corresponds to that of the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney rank-sum test. Like the rank-sum test, if the data can be assumed to be continuous, and the distributions are assumed identical except for a difference in location, Conover-Iman test may be understood as a test for median difference. conover.test accounts for tied ranks. The Conover-Iman test is strictly valid if and only if the corresponding Kruskal-Wallis null hypothesis is rejected. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000493 genotype matrix http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000642 matrix a genotype matrix is a kind of genomic relationship matrix in the rawest of form and which simply corresponds to a matrix of individuals genotype for a given set of markers or genomic positions. Columns are snps or markers, Rows are individuals. Each column/row cell contains a genotype expressed as, in the genome is diploid, as a pair of characters chosen from ATGC where the dominant variant is uppercased and the recessive variant is lower cased. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000494 MAF matrix http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000642 matrix the MAF matrix is a genomic relationship matrix which is obtained from the genotype matrix by counting the number of minor alleles at each locus http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000495 M matrix http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000642 matrix the M matrix is a genomic relationship matrix which is obtained by subtracting 1 to every value of the MAF matrix (gene content matrix). The values of the M matrix are only -1, 0 or 1 and makes computation easier. M = MAF-1 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000496 P matrix http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000642 matrix P matrix is a kind of genomic relationship matrix which contains allele frequencies expressed as a difference from 0.5 and multiplied by 2. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000497 Z matrix http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000642 matrix the Z-matrix is a genomic relationship matrix which is obtained by substracted the M matrix with the P matrix. It is also known as the incidence matrix for the markers. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000498 numerator degrees of freedom http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000069 number of degrees of freedom The degree of freedom numerator is the number of degrees of freedom that the estimate of variance used in the numerator is based on. It is one of the parameters for the F-distribution used to compute probabilities in analysis of variance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000499 augmented experimental design http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0500000 study design augmented design is a kind of experimental design where the goal is to compare existing (control) treatments with new treatments that have an experimental constraint of "limited replication". To understand limited replication, consider about experiments that may only allow a single representation of the new treatment, this limitation may be many times due to the cost associated with the experiment, limited resources, or limited number of new units that can be used in the experiment. In contrast, the existing treatments are referred as checks and are generally replicated multiple times. With augmented design one can estimate the following: a) Differences between checks and new treatments, b) Differences among new treatments, c) Differences among check treatments, and d) Differences among new and check treatments combined. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000500 probability distribution location parameter http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000027 data item a probability distribution location parameter is a data item which is set by the operator when selecting a parametric probability distribution and which dictates the way the location but not the profile or size of the distribution plot looks like. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000503 simple random sampling http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000502 statistical sampling Simple random sampling is a statistical sampling process which creates a sample of a size n entirely by chance. In such process, each unit has the same probability of being selected. Depending on the size of the population being sampled, the sampling process may be done with or without replacement http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000505 quadrat sampling http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000509 systematic sampling Quadrat sampling is a classic tool for the study of ecology, especially biodiversity. In general, a series of squares (quadrats) of a set size are placed in a habitat of interest and the species within those quadrats are identified and recorded. Passive quadrat sampling (done without removing the organisms found within the quadrat) can be either done by hand, with researchers carefully sorting through each individual quadrat or, more efficiently, can be done by taking a photograph of the quadrat for future analysis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000506 cluster sampling http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000509 systematic sampling Cluster sampling is a sampling plan used when mutually homogeneous yet internally heterogeneous groupings are evident in a statistical population. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000507 probability-proportional-to-size sampling http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000502 statistical sampling Probability proportional to size ('PPS') sampling is a sampling method in which the selection probability for each element is set to be proportional to its size measure, up to a maximum of 1. In a simple PPS design, these selection probabilities can then be used as the basis for Poisson sampling. However, this has the drawback of variable sample size, and different portions of the population may still be over- or under-represented due to chance variation in selections. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000508 stratified sampling http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000502 statistical sampling stratified sampling is a statistical sampling method which divides the population into homogenous subpopulations, which are then sampled using random or systematic sampling methods http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000509 systematic sampling http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000502 statistical sampling systematic sampling is a process for collecting samples and assembling a statistical sample using a system or method (.e.g unequal probabilities, without replacement, fixed sample size), as opposed to a random sampling. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000510 quota sampling http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000502 statistical sampling Quota sampling is a method for selecting survey participants that is a non-probabilistic version of stratified sampling. In quota sampling, a population is first segmented into mutually exclusive sub-groups, just as in stratified sampling. Then judgment is used to select the subjects or units from each segment based on a specified proportion. For example, an interviewer may be told to sample 200 females and 300 males between the age of 45 and 60. This means that individuals can put a demand on who they want to sample (targeting). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000511 panel sampling http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000502 statistical sampling Panel sampling is the method of first selecting a group of participants through a random sampling method and then asking that group for (potentially the same) information several times over a period of time. Therefore, each participant is interviewed at two or more time points; each period of data collection is called a "wave". The method was developed by sociologist Paul Lazarsfeld in 1938 as a means of studying political campaigns. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000512 chain-referral sampling http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000502 statistical sampling Snowball sampling (or chain sampling, chain-referral sampling, referral sampling) is a non-probability sampling technique where existing study subjects recruit future subjects from among their acquaintances. Thus the sample group is said to grow like a rolling snowball. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000513 voluntary sampling http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000502 statistical sampling The voluntary sampling method is a type of non-probability sampling. A voluntary sample is made up of people who self-select into the survey. Often, these subjects have a strong interest in the main topic of the survey. Volunteers may be invited through advertisements on Social Media Sites http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000514 convenience sampling http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000502 statistical sampling Convenience sampling (also known as grab sampling, accidental sampling, or opportunity sampling) is a type of non-probability sampling that involves the sample being drawn from that part of the population that is close to hand. This type of sampling is most useful for pilot testing. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000515 Brewer sampling http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000509 systematic sampling Brewer's sampling is a statistical sampling method which was proposed by Brewer in 1975 and uses unequal probabibility sampling technique http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000516 minimax sampling http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000502 statistical sampling In imbalanced datasets, where the sampling ratio does not follow the population statistics, one can resample the dataset in a conservative manner called minimax sampling. The minimax sampling has its origin in Anderson minimax ratio whose value is proved to be 0.5: in a binary classification, the class-sample sizes should be chosen equally. This ratio can be proved to be minimax ratio only under the assumption of LDA classifier with Gaussian distributions. The notion of minimax sampling is recently developed for a general class of classification rules, called class-wise smart classifiers. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000517 complete randomization http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0302900 group randomization complete randomization is a group randomization where experimental units are randomly assigned to the entire set of groups defined by the experimental treatments. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000518 data imputation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200000 data transformation Data imputation is a data transformation process whereby missing data is replaced with an estimated value for the missing element. The substituted values are intended to create a data record that does not fail edits. Various methods may be used to produce these substituted values. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000519 last observation carried forward data imputation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000518 data imputation last observation carried forward data imputation is a type of data imputation which uses a very simple, self explanatory method for substituted a missing value for an observation. It should be noted that this method gives a biased estimate of the treatment effect and underestimates the variability of the estimated result and should be used cautiously. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000520 regression data imputation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000518 data imputation regression data imputation is a type of data imputation where missing values are replaced with the value of a regression function coefficient. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000521 substitution by the mean data imputation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000518 data imputation substitution by the mean data imputation is a type of data imputation where missing values are replaced with the value the variable mean. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000522 multivariate imputation with chained equations http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000518 data imputation multivariate imputation with chained equations (MICE) is a type of data imputation which uses an algorithm devised by Stef van Buuren and Karin Groothuis-Oudshoorn http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000523 k-nearest neighbour data imputation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000518 data imputation k-nearest neighbour imputation is a data imputation which uses the k-nearest neighbour algorithm to compute a substitution value for the missing values. For every observation to be imputed, it identifies ‘k’ closest observations based on the euclidean distance and computes the weighted average (weighted based on distance) of these ‘k’ obs. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000525 covariance matrix http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000642 matrix a covariance matrix is a square matrix that contains the variances and covariances associated with several variables. The diagonal elements of the matrix contain the variances of the variables and the off-diagonal elements contain the covariances between all possible pairs of variables. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000527 denominator degrees of freedom http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000069 number of degrees of freedom The degree of freedom denominator is the number of degrees of freedom that the estimate of variance used in the denominator is based on. It is one of the parameters for the F-distribution used to compute probabilities in analysis of variance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000528 G matrix http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000642 matrix A matrix of relationships among a group of individuals, which can be used to predict breeding values, to manage inbreeding and in genetic conservation. It can be calculated from the pedigree, but it is also possible to calculate the relationship matrix from genotypes at genetic markers such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Elements of the genomic relationship matrix are estimates of the realized proportion of the genome that two individuals share, whereas the pedigree-derived relationship matrix is the expectation of this proportion. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000529 scaled t distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000059 Student's t distribution a scaled t distribution is a kind of Student's t distribution which is shifted by 'mean' and scaled by standard deviation 'sd'. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000530 Bayesian model http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000107 statistical model a Bayesian model is a statistical model where inference is based on using Bayes theorem to obtain a posterior distribution for a quantity (or quantities) of interest for some model (such as parameter values) based on some prior distribution for the relevant unknown parameters and the likelihood from the model. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000531 prior probability distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000225 probability distribution a prior probability distribution is a probability distribution used as input to a Bayesian model to represent a priori knowledge about a model parameter. Along with the acquired/observed data, it is used to compute a posterior distribution according to the Bayes theorem. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000532 posterior probability distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000225 probability distribution a posterior probability distribution is a probability distribution computed in a Bayesian model approach given a prior distribution and a set of events/observations. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000533 Bayes C pi http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000337 breeding value estimation Bayes C pi is a data transformation used to compute estimated breeding values using a Bayesian model and which assesses the SNP effect using MonteCarlo Markov chain methods. Bayes C pi treats the prior probability π that a SNP has zero effect as unknown. The method was devised to address short comings of Bayes A and Bayes B approaches http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000534 genetic inheritance model http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000107 statistical model genetic inheritance model is a data item defining the assumption used by a breeding value estimation method to consider when running the calculations. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000535 sampling from a probability distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200000 data transformation sampling from a probability distribution is a data transformation which aims at obtaining a sequence of random samples from a probability distribution for which direct sampling is difficult. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000536 Gibbs sampling http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000535 sampling from a probability distribution Gibbs sampling or a Gibbs sampler is a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm for obtaining a sequence of observations which are approximated from a specified multivariate probability distribution, when direct sampling is difficult. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000537 Metropolis–Hastings sampling http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000535 sampling from a probability distribution the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm is a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method for obtaining a sequence of random samples from a probability distribution for which direct sampling is difficult. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000538 continuous multivariate probability distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000067 continuous probability distribution a continuous multivariate probability distribution is a continuous probability distribution which describes the possible values, and corresponding probabilities, of two or more (usually three or more) associated random variables. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000539 discrete multivariate probability distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000117 discrete probability distribution a discrete multivariate probability distribution is a discrete probability distribution which describes the possible values, and corresponding probabilities, of two or more (usually three or more) associated random variables. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000540 reproducing kernel Hilbert space procedure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000337 breeding value estimation A data transformation that produces a reproducing kernel Hilbert space (or RKHS), which is a Hilbert space of functions in which point evaluation is a continuous linear functional. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000541 state space model http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000107 statistical model a state space model is a kind of statistical model which describes the probabilistic dependence between the latent state variable and the observed measurement. The state or the measurement can be either continuous or discrete. The term “state space” originated in 1960s in the area of control engineering (Kalman, 1960). SSM provides a general framework for analyzing deterministic and stochastic dynamical systems that are measured or observed through a stochastic process. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000542 genomic estimated breeding value http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000485 estimated breeding value genomic estimated breeding value (GEBV) is an estimated breeding value derived from information in an organism DNA (genotype). GEBV is calculated differently to conventional Estimated Breeding Values using advanced modeling technique to deal with high dimensionality data. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000544 heritability http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000184 ratio In a planned experiment where to covariance (genotype x environment) can be controlled and held at 0, the heritability is defined as the ratio of the variance of the genotypic variables to the variance of the phenotypic variables. H2 = Var(G)/Var(P) H2 is the broad-sense heritability. This reflects all the genetic contributions to a population's phenotypic variance including additive, dominant, and epistatic (multi-genic interactions), as well as maternal and paternal effects, where individuals are directly affected by their parents' phenotype, for example, milk production in mammals. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000545 narrow sense heritability http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000184 ratio A particularly important component of the genetic variance is the additive variance, Var(A), which is the variance due to the average effects (additive effects) of the alleles. Since each parent passes a single allele per locus to each offspring, parent-offspring resemblance depends upon the average effect of single alleles. Additive variance represents, therefore, the genetic component of variance responsible for parent-offspring resemblance. The additive genetic portion of the phenotypic variance is known as Narrow-sense heritability and is defined as: h2 = Var(A)/Var(P) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000546 Bayes R http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000337 breeding value estimation Bayes R is a data transformation used in the context of estimating breeding value, which relies on a Bayesian model to compute 'genomic estimated breeding values'. In contrast to Bayes B methods, the new method assumes that the true SNP effects are derived from a series of normal distributions, the first with zero variance, up to one with a variance of approximately 1% of the genetic variance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000547 Laplace probability distribution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000329 symmetric distribution The double exponential distribution (a.k.a. Laplace distribution) is the distribution of differences between two independent variates with identical exponential distributions (Abramowitz and Stegun 1972, p. 930). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000548 sampling distribution estimation by bootstrapping http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000535 sampling from a probability distribution Bootstrapping is the practice of estimating properties of an estimator (such as its variance) by measuring those properties when sampling from an approximating distribution. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000549 random forest procedure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200175 class discovery data transformation random forest procedure is a type of data transformation used in classification and statistical learning using regression. The random forest procedure is a meta estimator that fits a number of classifying decision trees on various sub-samples of the dataset (it operates by constructing a multitude of decision trees at training time) and use averaging to improve the predictive accuracy and control over-fitting. The sub-sample size is always the same as the original input sample size but the samples are drawn with replacement if bootstrap=True (default). The random forest procedure outputs the class that is the mode of the classes (classification) or mean prediction (regression) of the individual trees. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000550 log likelihood http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000027 data item log likelihood is a data item which corresponds to the natural logarithm of the likelihood. log likelihood is a data item commonly used to provide a measure of accuracy of a model. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000551 Holm false discovery rate correction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200163 false discovery rate correction method A data transformation process in which the Holm p-value procedure is applied with the aim of correcting false discovery rate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000552 Hommel false discovery rate correction http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200163 false discovery rate correction method A data transformation process in which the Hommel p-value procedure is applied with the aim of correcting false discovery rate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000558 statistical model term testing http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200000 data transformation A statistical model term testing is a data transformation that accounts for the evaluation of a component of a statistical model or model term. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000559 Wald test http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200200 chi square test the Wald test is statistical test which computes a Wald chi-squared test for 1 or more coefficients, given their variance-covariance matrix. The Wald test (also called the Wald Chi-Squared Test) is a way to find out if explanatory variables in a model are significant. “Significant” means that they add something to the model; variables that add nothing can be deleted without affecting the model in any meaningful way http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000561 confidence level http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000300 dimensionless ratio the frequency (i.e., the proportion) of possible confidence intervals that contain the true value of their corresponding parameter. In other words, if confidence intervals are constructed using a given confidence level in an infinite number of independent experiments, the proportion of those intervals that contain the true value of the parameter will match the confidence level. A probability measure of the reliability of an inferential statistical test that has been applied to sample data and which is provided along with the confidence interval for the output statistic. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000562 standard error of estimate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000471 estimate The standard error is a measure of dispersion applied to estimates across hypothetical repeated random samples. It is a measure of how precise an estimate of a statistical parameter is. The standard error is the estimated standard deviation of an estimate. It measures the uncertainty associated with the estimate. Compared with the standard deviations of the underlying distribution, which are usually unknown, standard errors can be calculated from observed data. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000563 biplot http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000038 graph Biplots are a type of exploratory graph used in statistics, a generalization of the simple two-variable scatterplot. A biplot is constructed by using the singular value decomposition (SVD) to obtain a low-rank approximation to a transformed version of the data matrix X, whose n rows are the samples (also called the cases, or objects), and whose p columns are the variables. The biplot was introduced by K. Ruben Gabriel (1971). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000566 eigen value http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000648 clustered data set An eigenvalue is a data item resulting from a data transformation known as eigen value decomposition. It also corresponds to a process of matrix diagonalization or any equivalent operation, ie. transforming the underlying system of equations into a special set of coordinate axes in which the matrix takes this canonical form. Each eigenvalue is paired with a corresponding so-called eigenvector. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000567 factor analysis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200050 dimensionality reduction Factor analysis is a dimension reduction data transformation that is used to describe variability among observed, correlated variables in terms of a potentially lower number of unobserved variables called factors. Factor analysis is related to principal component analysis (PCA), but the two are not identical. Both PCA and factor analysis aim to reduce the dimensionality of a set of data, but the approaches taken to do so are different for the two techniques. Factor analysis is clearly designed with the objective to identify certain unobservable factors from the observed variables, whereas PCA does not directly address this objective; at best, PCA provides an approximation to the required factors. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000568 loadings http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000034 model parameter In factor analysis, factor loadings express the relationship of each variable to the underlying factor. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000569 score http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000039 statistic The score indicates how sensitive a likelihood function L(\Theta,X) is to its parameter \Theta. Explicitly, the score for \Theta is the gradient of the log-likelihood with respect to \Theta. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000570 selectivity ratio http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000184 ratio The selectivity ratio (SR) is defined as the ratio of explained vexpl,i to residual variance vres,i for the variable i on the target projection (TP) component in the context of Partial Least Squares Analysis. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000573 average value http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000029 measure of central tendency The arithmetic mean is defined as the sum of the numerical values of each and every observation divided by the total number of observations. S The arithmetic mean A is defined by the formula A=sum[Ai] / n where i ranges from 1 to n and Ai represents the value of individual observations. The arithmetic mean is significantly affected by extreme values and outliers. A better measure of central tendency is the median (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000574). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000576 SIMPLS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200000 data transformation A novel algorithm for partial least squares (PLS) regression, SIMPLS, is proposed which calculates the PLS factors directly as linear combinations of the original variables. The PLS factors are determined such as to maximize a covariance criterion, while obeying certain orthogonality and normalization restrictions. This approach follows that of other traditional multivariate methods. The construction of deflated data matrices as in the nonlinear iterative partial least squares (NIPALS)-PLS algorithm is avoided. For univariate y SIMPLS is equivalent to PLS1 and closely related to existing bidiagonalization algorithms. This follows from an analysis of PLS1 regression in terms of Krylov sequences. For multivariate Y there is a slight difference between the SIMPLS approach and NIPALS-PLS2. In practice the SIMPLS algorithm appears to be fast and easy to interpret as it does not involve a breakdown of the data sets. The acronym SIMPLS comes from 'straightforward implementation of a statistically inspired modification of the PLS method' http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000577 PLS1 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000571 Partial Least Square regression a partial least square regression applied when there is only one variable in Y (the matrix of response variables), or it is desirable to model and optimize separately the performance of each of the variables in Y. This case is usually referred to as PLS1 regression (J = 1). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000578 PLS2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000571 Partial Least Square regression a partial least square regression applied to a multivariate response variable. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000579 improved Kernel PLS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200000 data transformation improved kernel PLS is a data transformation which implement a very fast kernel algorithm for updating PLS models in a recursive manner and for exponentially discounting past data. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000581 singular value decomposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200000 data transformation a data transformation which compute the singular-value decomposition of a rectangular matrix. The singular-value decomposition is very general in the sense that it can be applied to any m × n matrix whereas eigenvalue decomposition can only be applied to certain classes of square matrices. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000582 best linear unbiased estimator http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000337 breeding value estimation best linear unbiased estimator http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000584 Wald statistic http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000039 statistic the Wald statistic is a statistic is used during a Wald test, a test of significance of the regression coefficient; it is based on the asymptotic normality property of maximum likelihood estimates, and is computed as: W = b * 1/Var(b) * b In this formula, b stands for the parameter estimates, and Var(b) stands for the asymptotic variance of the parameter estimates. The Wald statistic is tested against the Chi-square distribution in the Wald test. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000585 degree of freedom calculation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0200000 data transformation degree of freedom calculation is a data transformation which is part of a stastical test and which aims to determine or estimate the number of degrees of freedom in a system. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000586 restricted randomized design http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000046 block design a restricted randomized design is a kind of study design which uses randomization to allocate observation unit to treatment but where intuitively poor allocations of treatments to experimental units are avoided, while retaining the theoretical benefits of randomization. This is often the case when so-called 'hard to change' factors are used in an experimental design. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000587 percentage of variance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000639 percentage the percentage of variance is an output of principal component analysis (PCRA), which is obtained by forming the ratio of an eigen-value divided by the sum of all eigen-values. This produces a "percentage of variance" for each eigen-vector. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000001 relational information display http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000030 information content entity An information content entity that displays relations between sets in a concretized collection of display components. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000002 performance summary display template http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000030 information content entity An information content entity that is the collection of specification and metadata associated with a generalized potential information display. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000003 performance summary display http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000001 relational information display A relational information display whose display components bear some combination of sets (roles): ascribee set, performance measure set, performance set, or time set. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000006 represented set http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000023 role A role inhering in the set of attributes of a mark in a relational information display that share a scale type and that convey information about another entity. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000008 relational information display component http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000030 information content entity An information content entity that is a proper part of a relational information display and is concretized by a mark. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000018 ascribee set http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000006 represented set A represented set where the mark attributes are about entities that have attributed performance data. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000019 comparative element http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000084 ascribee element A role inhering in a mark that is disjoint with a focal element and that has the same scale type as the focal element. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000020 scale type http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000019 quality A quality that is the abstract measurement property of a concretized display component. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000023 interval scale http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000020 scale type A scale type with three formal properties that (1) the instances can be distinguished from each other and (2) that one instance on a scale can be judged greater than, less than, or equal to another instance on the same scale and that (3) the magnitude of an instance represented by a unit on the scale is the same regardless of where on the scale the unit falls. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000024 ratio scale http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000020 scale type A scale type with four formal properties that (1) the instances can be distinguished from each other and (2) that one instance on a scale can be judged greater than, less than, or equal to another instance on the same scale, that (3) the magnitude of an instance represented by a unit on the scale is the same regardless of where on the scale the unit falls and (4) an absolute zero value can indicate that nothing at all of the property being represented exists. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000025 ordinal scale http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000020 scale type A scale type with two formal properties that (1) the instances can be distinguished from each other and (2) that one instance on a scale can be judged greater than, less than, or equal to another instance on the same scale. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000026 nominal scale http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000020 scale type A scale type with one formal property that (1) the instances can be distinguished from each other. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000028 performance trend quality http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000145 relational quality A relational quality of the perceived general movement of a mark, or set of marks that is integrated over a time set. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000029 performance gap quality http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000145 relational quality A relational quality of the perceived distance between marks. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000031 performance report http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000088 report A report designed for the purpose of providing performance summary information to a recipient of an intervention. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000035 performance measure set http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000006 represented set A represented set where the attributes of the mark are about the methods of measuring behavior. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000036 time set http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000006 represented set A represented set where the attributes of the mark are about time. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000037 performance set http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000006 represented set A represented set where the attributes of the mark are about measurements, decisions, aggregates, or calculations related to measured behavior. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000040 focal element http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000084 ascribee element A role inhering in a mark that conveys specific information to the recipient of a performance summary report realized through the acts of perception. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000041 recipient element http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000040 focal element A focal element that conveys information about identity to the recipient of the performance summary report. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000045 social comparator element http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000019 comparative element A comparative element that conveys information about an entity that has an attributed performance level. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000046 goal comparator element http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000019 comparative element A comparative element that conveys information about a desired future performance level. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000047 standard comparator element http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000019 comparative element A comparative element that conveys information about a predetermined performance level. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000054 shape http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000061 attribute An attribute of external form or contour. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000055 color hue http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000061 attribute An attribute by virtue of which some thing appears to have a 'pure' color. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000056 position http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000061 attribute An attribute of relation in which a thing stands with respect to another or others. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000058 angle http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000061 attribute An attribute of the magnitude of the degree of divergence of two things from one another. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000059 texture http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000061 attribute An attribute of constitution, structure, or substance of anything with regard to its constituents or formative element. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000060 mark length http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000061 attribute The quality of linear magnitude of any thing as measured from end to end http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000061 attribute http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000015 information carrier An information carrier that can be measured, observed, or logged. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000062 mark http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000178 material information bearer A material information bearer that is a basic visual element of a relational information display. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000079 mark collection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000027 object aggregate A object aggregate of marks. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000080 represented element http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000023 role A role born by a member of a represented set. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000081 performance measure element http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000080 represented element A represented element that is born by a member of a performance measure set. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000082 time element http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000080 represented element A represented element that is born by a member of a time set. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000083 performance level element http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000080 represented element A represented element that is born by a member of a performance set. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000084 ascribee element http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000080 represented element A represented element that is born by a member of an acribee set. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000085 performer element http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000084 ascribee element An ascribee element where the mark attributes are about a living system. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000086 performer set http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000018 ascribee set An ascribee set where the mark attributes are about a living system. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000087 curvature http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000061 attribute An attribute of the degree from which a curve deviates from a straight line. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000088 position on common scale http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000056 position A position where the distance between marks is on the same scale. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000089 position on unaligned scale http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000056 position A position where the distance between marks is not on the same scale. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000090 area http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000061 attribute An attribute that is the quantity that expresses the extent of a two-dimensional figure or shape in a plane. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000091 color saturation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000061 attribute An attribute that is the amount of white content mixed with a pure color, or mixture of pure colors. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000092 color lightness http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000061 attribute An attribute that is the amount of black content mixed with a pure color, or mixture of pure colors. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000093 comparator http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000107 performance content Comparator content is performance content used to identify a discrepancy with the performance level of the recipient of an intervention. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000094 goal comparator http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000093 comparator Goal comparator is comparator content that has been ascribed a desired future performance level. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000095 social comparator http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000093 comparator Social comparator is comparator content about living systems that are ascribed a performance level. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000096 standard comparator http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000093 comparator Comparator content that has been ascribed a predetermined performance level. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000097 recipient http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000107 performance content Recipient content is performance content about a living system to whom an intervention is directed. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000098 performance summary document http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000310 document A document that is an aggregate of information content entities about performance levels, performance measures, time intervals, and ascribees. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000099 positive trend information http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000101 trend information Positive trend information is trend information represents a change in performance in the direction of improvement, where performance levels increase or otherwise indicate better outcomes over time. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000100 negative trend information http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000101 trend information Negative trend information is trend information represents a change in performance in the direction of worsening, where performance levels decrease or otherwise indicate poorer outcomes over time. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000101 trend information http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000004 motivating information Trend information is motivating information about a change in performance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000102 performance measure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000107 performance content Performance measure content is performance content about how a measure is operationalized to calculate performance in healthcare. It determines how indicators or metrics are applied at individual, team, organizational, or system levels, and may include rules for attribution, scale of application, and linkage of multiple measures. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000103 performance level http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000107 performance content Performance level content is performance content about the output value of a method of measuring performance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000107 performance content http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000030 information content entity Performance content is information content entity aggregate of performance level content entities and can form a foundation for analyses to produce precision feedback and form the basis for elicitation of preferences about alternative types of performance information. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000110 performance summary textual entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000300 textual entity A textual entity about performance levels, measures, ascribees, and time. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000111 time interval http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000107 performance content Time interval content is performance content that is about a unit of time. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000112 achievement information http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000004 motivating information Achievement information is motivating information about a change from a negative performance comparison to a positive performance comparison. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000113 loss information http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000004 motivating information Loss information is motivating information about a change from a positive performance comparison to a negative performance comparison. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000114 performance summary section http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000314 document part A document part designed for the purpose of providing information about performance levels, measures, ascribees, and time to a recipient of an intervention. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000115 performance gap set http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000006 represented set A represented set where the mark attributes are about a discrepancy between performance levels. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000116 negative performance gap set http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000115 performance gap set A performance gap set where the mark attributes are about a comparator performance level that is better than the recipient performance level. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000117 positive performance gap set http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000115 performance gap set A performance gap set where the mark attributes are about a recipient performance level that is better than a comparator performance level. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000118 performance trend set http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000006 represented set A represented set where the mark attributes are about a change in performance. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000119 negative performance trend set http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000118 performance trend set A performance trend set where the mark attributes are about worsening. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000120 positive performance trend set http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000118 performance trend set A performance trend set where the mark attributes are about improvement. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000121 achievement set http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000006 represented set A represented set where the mark attributes are about a change from a negative performance gap to a positive performance gap. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000122 loss set http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000006 represented set A represented set where the mark attributes are about a change from a positive performance gap to a negative performance gap. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000668 absolute value http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000039 statistic A statistic that represents the distance of a value from zero. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000672 event rate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000645 rate The number of occurrences per unit of time. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000282 F-statistic http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000039 statistic F statistic is a statistic computed from observations and used to produce a p-value in statistical test when compared to a F distribution. the F statistic is the ratio of two scaled sums of squares reflecting different sources of variability http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000125 75th percentile benchmark http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000123 top performer benchmark It is a top performer benchmark that is ascribed the performance level of the 75th percentile for a population. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000124 90th percentile benchmark http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000123 top performer benchmark 90th percentile benchmark is top performer benchmark that is ascribed the performance level of the 90th percentile for a population. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000666 maximum possible value http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000039 statistic A statistic that represents the largest value that could occur. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000667 minimum possible value http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000039 statistic A statistic that represents the smallest value that could occur. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000673 event frequency rate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000645 rate A ratio in which the numerator represents an event frequency and the denominator represents an interval of time. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000674 frequency http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000184 ratio A ratio in which the numerator represents a count and the denominator represents a count (without involving an interval of time). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000675 density http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000184 ratio A ratio in which the numerator represents any quantity and the denominator represents an interval of space (distance, area, or volume). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000677 hazard ratio http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000184 ratio A measure of association that is the ratio of the hazard rate of an event in one group to the hazard rate of the same event in another group. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000678 prevalence ratio http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000622 ratio-based measure of association A measure of association that is the ratio of two prevalences. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000684 standard deviation for sample http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000237 standard deviation A standard deviation that is the square root of the quotient of the summation across data points of the square of the distance from each data point to the sample mean, and the degrees of freedom (where the degrees of freedom is sample size minus one). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000126 peer average comparator http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000127 average comparator Peer average comparator is average comparator content that is about a peer group. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000128 peer 75th percentile benchmark http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000125 75th percentile benchmark It is about a peer group. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000123 top performer benchmark http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000095 social comparator Top performer benchmark is social comparator content that is about a percentile for a performance level that is better than average. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000642 matrix http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000030 information content entity a matrix is a rectangular array of numbers, which are called entries of the matrix. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000148 zero-dimensional temporal region http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000008 temporal region temporal instant. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 Homo sapiens http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_314146 Euarchontoglires man http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000005 streak information http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000004 motivating information consecutive performance gap http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000007 positive streak http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000005 streak information consecutive positive performance gap http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000011 negative streak http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000005 streak information consecutive negative performance gap http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 Bacteria http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100026 organism eubacteria http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_117571 Euteleostomi http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_7742 Vertebrata bony vertebrates http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2759 Eukaryota http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100026 organism eukaryotes http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_32523 Tetrapoda http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_117571 Euteleostomi tetrapods http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_32524 Amniota http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_32523 Tetrapoda amniotes http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_40674 Mammalia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_32524 Amniota mammals http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_7742 Vertebrata http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_33213 Bilateria vertebrates http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000008 temporal region http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000003 occurrent http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000011 spatiotemporal region http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000003 occurrent http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000141 immaterial entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000004 independent continuant http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000009 two-dimensional spatial region http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000006 spatial region http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000018 zero-dimensional spatial region http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000006 spatial region http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000026 one-dimensional spatial region http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000006 spatial region http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000028 three-dimensional spatial region http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000006 spatial region http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000038 one-dimensional temporal region http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000008 temporal region http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000182 history http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000015 process http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000034 function http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000016 disposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000016 disposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000017 realizable entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000019 quality http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000020 specifically dependent continuant http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000024 fiat object part http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000040 material entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000027 object aggregate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000040 material entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000030 object http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000040 material entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000142 one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000140 continuant fiat boundary http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000146 two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000140 continuant fiat boundary http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000147 zero-dimensional continuant fiat boundary http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000140 continuant fiat boundary http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000006 spatial region http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000141 immaterial entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000029 site http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000141 immaterial entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000429 email address http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000030 information content entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000057 contour plot http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000038 graph http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000582 time stamped measurement datum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000109 measurement datum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 Viruses http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100026 organism http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2157 Archaea http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100026 organism http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000008 obsolete_artifact http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#ObsoleteClass Obsolete Class http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000018 obsolete_material_entity http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#ObsoleteClass Obsolete Class http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000128 obsolete_identifier http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#ObsoleteClass Obsolete Class http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000141 obsolete_digital quality http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#ObsoleteClass Obsolete Class http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_33154 Opisthokonta http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2759 Eukaryota http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_33213 Bilateria http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_33154 Opisthokonta http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_314146 Euarchontoglires http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_40674 Mammalia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000001 entity http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#ObsoleteClass Obsolete Class http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0000079 function of http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0000052 characteristic of is function of a relation between a function and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0000080 quality of http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0000052 characteristic of quality_of a relation between a quality and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0000085 has function http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0000053 has characteristic has_function a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a function, in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0000086 has quality http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0000053 has characteristic has_quality a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a quality, in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002350 member of http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050 part of member part of is member of is a mereological relation between a item and a collection. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0000087 has role http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0000053 has characteristic has_role a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a role, in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0000081 role of http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0000052 characteristic of role_of a relation between a role and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000142 mentions http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000136 is about An information artifact IA mentions an entity E exactly when it has a component/part that denotes E http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000219 denotes http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000136 is about denotes is a primitive, instance-level, relation obtaining between an information content entity and some portion of reality. Denotation is what happens when someone creates an information content entity E in order to specifically refer to something. The only relation between E and the thing is that E can be used to 'pick out' the thing. This relation connects those two together. Freedictionary.com sense 3: To signify directly; refer to specifically http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000221 is quality measurement of http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000136 is about m is a quality measurement of q at t when q is a quality there is a measurement process p that has specified output m, a measurement datum, that is about q http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000413 is duration of http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000136 is about relates a process to a time-measurement-datum that represents the duration of the process http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000418 is quality specification of http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000136 is about a relation between a data item and a quality of a material entity where the material entity is the specified output of a material transformation which achieves an objective specification that indicates the intended value of the specified quality. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000581 has time stamp http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 has part relates a time stamped measurement datum to the time measurement datum that denotes the time when the measurement was taken http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000583 has measurement datum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 has part relates a time stamped measurement datum to the measurement datum that was measured http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000293 has_specified_input http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0000057 has participant A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process that is not created during the process. The presence of the continuant during the process is explicitly specified in the plan specification which the process realizes the concretization of. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000295 is_specified_input_of http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0000056 participates in A relation between a continuant participating in that process that is not created during the process. The presence of the continuant during the process is explicitly specified in the plan specification which the process realizes the concretization of. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000299 has_specified_output http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0000057 has participant A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process. The presence of the continuant at the end of the process is explicitly specified in the objective specification which the process realizes the concretization of. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000312 is_specified_output_of http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0000056 participates in A relation between a continuant participating in a planned process. The presence of the continuant at the end of the process is explicitly specified in the objective specification which the process realizes the concretization of. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000643 has grain http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 has part the relation of the cells in the finger of the skin to the finger, in which an indeterminate number of grains are parts of the whole by virtue of being grains in a collective that is part of the whole, and in which removing one granular part does not nec- essarily damage or diminish the whole. Ontological Whether there is a fixed, or nearly fixed number of parts - e.g. fingers of the hand, chambers of the heart, or wheels of a car - such that there can be a notion of a single one being missing, or whether, by contrast, the number of parts is indeterminate - e.g., cells in the skin of the hand, red cells in blood, or rubber molecules in the tread of the tire of the wheel of the car. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000846 is member of organization http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000114 is member of Relating a legal person or organization to an organization in the case where the legal person or organization has a role as member of the organization. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001927 specifies value of http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000136 is about A relation between a value specification and an entity which the specification is about. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001937 has specified numeric value http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0002135 has specified value A relation between a value specification and a number that quantifies it. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001938 has value specification http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 has part A relation between an information content entity and a value specification that specifies its value. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002351 has member http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 has part has member is a mereological relation between a collection and an item. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000001 declares http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000136 is about property to indicate that a design declares a variable; the inverse property is 'is declared by' http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0000091 has disposition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0000053 has characteristic a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a disposition, in which the disposition specifically depends on the bearer for its existence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000344 has effect on http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000136 is about 'has effect on' is a special case of the 'is about' relationship to be used for mixed effect models http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000345 has fixed effect on http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000344 has effect on 'has fixed effect on' is a special case of the 'is about' relationship to be used with fixed effect models http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000380 has interaction effect on http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000344 has effect on 'has interaction effect on' is a special case of the 'is about' relationship to be used for mixed effect models http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000381 has random effect on http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000344 has effect on 'has random effect on' is a special case of the 'is about' relationship to be used for random effect models http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000382 has order in sequence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000136 is about 'has order in sequence' is a special case of the 'is about' relation being used to be able to enumerate the different terms within a linear mixed model formula (thus assinging and order to random effect terms, fixed effect terms, interaction effect terms and error terms). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000476 is modeled by http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000136 is about This property is a specialization of the 'is about' property to represent the relationship between a dependent variable and an statistical model. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0000092 disposition of http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0000052 characteristic of http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000039 has measurement unit label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 has part http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000407 has coordinate unit label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 has part http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000063 precedes http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002222 temporal relation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0000052 characteristic of inheres_in a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the characteristic) and any other entity (the bearer), in which the characteristic depends on the bearer for its existence. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0000053 has characteristic is bearer of Inverse of characteristic_of http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0000056 participates in participates_in a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0000057 has participant has_participant a relation between a process and a continuant, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0001000 derives from derives_from a relation between two distinct material entities, the new entity and the old entity, in which the new entity begins to exist when the old entity ceases to exist, and the new entity inherits the significant portion of the matter of the old entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0001001 derives into derives_into a relation between two distinct material entities, the old entity and the new entity, in which the new entity begins to exist when the old entity ceases to exist, and the new entity inherits the significant portion of the matter of the old entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0001015 location of location_of a relation between two independent continuants, the location and the target, in which the target is entirely within the location http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002000 2D boundary of is boundary of a relation between a 2D immaterial entity (the boundary) and a material entity, in which the boundary delimits the material entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002002 has 2D boundary has_2D_boundary a relation between a material entity and a 2D immaterial entity (the boundary), in which the boundary delimits the material entity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0001025 located in located_in a relation between two independent continuants, the target and the location, in which the target is entirely within the location http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 has part has_part a core relation that holds between a whole and its part http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050 part of part_of a core relation that holds between a part and its whole http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000066 occurs in unfolds_in b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0002135 has specified value A relation between a value specification and a literal. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000067 contains process [copied from inverse property 'occurs in'] b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000135 obsolete_specifically denotes c specifically denotes r =def r is a portion of reality & c is a particular quality & c depends specifically on some independent continuant b & b acquired c as the result of the achievement of an objective to enable pointing to r repeatedly. Marked means there is a changed or additional quality of the bearer - the quality is the information carrier. Case 1 Memory trace as mark created when reading some description of some friend. The trace can denote. Case 2 Pattern of ink arrayed on paper as mark when writing down a friend's name Case 3 Pattern of magnetic domains on scattered pieces of a hard disk platter as mark when saving a file. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000136 is about is_about is a (currently) primitive relation that relates an information artifact to an entity. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000417 is quality measured as inverse of the relation of is quality measurement of http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000419 quality is specified as inverse of the relation of is quality specification of http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000124 is_supported_by_data The relation between a data item and a conclusion where the conclusion is the output of a data interpreting process and the data item is used as an input to that process http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000314 is_proxy_for A relation between continuant instances c1 and c2 where within an experiment/ protocol application, measurement of c1 is used to determine what a measurement of c2 would be. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000417 achieves_planned_objective This relation obtains between a planned process and a objective specification when the criteria specified in the objective specification are met at the end of the planned process. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000833 objective_achieved_by This relation obtains between a a objective specification and a planned process when the criteria specified in the objective specification are met at the end of the planned process. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0001688 has organization member Relating an organization to a legal person or organization. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0000058 is concretized as A relationship between a generically dependent continuant and a specifically dependent continuant or process, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant or process in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant or process also depends on that same independent continuant. A generically dependent continuant may be concretized as multiple specifically dependent continuants or processes. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0000059 concretizes A relationship between a specifically dependent continuant or process and a generically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant or process also depends on that same independent continuant. Multiple specifically dependent continuants or processes can concretize the same generically dependent continuant. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000017 message recency Message recency is the number of time intervals since the message was last sent to the recipient. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000021 message recurrence Message recurrence is the number of times a message was previously sent to the recipient. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000022 measure recency Measure recency is the number of time intervals since the measure was last sent to the recipient. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000027 measure recurrence Measure recurrence is the number of times a measure was previously sent to the recipient. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000101 has numerator the relationship between a fraction and the number above the line http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000129 has value A relationship (data property) between an entity and its value. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000259 has denominator the relationship between a fraction and the number below the line (or divisor) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000004 is declared by property to indicate the variables declared by a design; the inverse property is 'declares' http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000102 executes relationship between a planned process and the plan specification that it carries out; it is defined as equivalent to the composed relationship (realizes o concretizes) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000110 assumes values specified by A relation between an entity and a value specification, where the value specification is about the entity. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000114 is member of relationship between an element and a set it belongs to http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000115 has member relationship between a set and one of its elements http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000205 is denoted by Inverse relation of 'denotes', where denotation is what happens when someone creates an information content entity E in order to specifically refer to something (from 'denotes' definition). http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000403 estimate of Relationship between a parameter of a model and the estimate produced by estimation process as used in statistical modeling. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000341 is model for This property is the inverse relationship of 'is model by' and represents the relationship between a dependent variable and an statistical model. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000034 has desired direction Relates a quality measure to an information content entity that specifies the intended direction of change for that measure. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/STATO_0000557 computed from computed_from is a relation between 2 information content entity denoting how one is derived from another on through the application of a data transformation or computation process. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000109 described by Relationship between foaf:Person or foaf:Organization and an information content entity. The ICE represents data about the person such as their performance capabilities or situation. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000054 realized in realized_in http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000062 preceded by preceded_by http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000055 realizes http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000004 has measurement value http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000220 obsolete_materially denotes http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000222 obsolete_describes http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000223 obsolete_represents http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000404 has x coordinate value http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000405 has z coordinate value http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000406 has y coordinate value http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000012 has comparison size http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000013 has prior comparison size http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000014 has streak length http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PSDO_0000015 has trend slope http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0004096 DEPRECATED inheres in http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0004097 DEPRECATED bearer of http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002222 temporal relation