simulating of process of type X A planned process that (1) has at least one process part that has as participants representations of participants (in place of those participants) of processes of type X, and where all such process parts substitute for parts of processes of type X, and (2) is carried out for the purpose of planning for processes of type X, learning more about processes of type X, or teaching about processes of type X. A process that replaces the essential participants of another type of process with representations of those participants. For example, in a simulated volcano eruption, representations of lava, lava tubes, vents, etc. take the place of actual lava, lava tubes, vents, etc. Even in the case of a simulated disaster scenario where actual ambulances, fire trucks, and people participate, representations of catastrophic events and injuries, etc. take the place of real ones. simulating of process of type X planned process