eye_upper_slim part of part of Mueller cell https://cellxgene.cziscience.com/cellguide/CL_0000636 ZFA:0009280 Muller glia BTO:0003064 Muller cell Müller cell Astrocyte-like radial glial cell that extends vertically throughout the retina, with the nucleus are usually in the middle of the inner nuclear layer. Mueller cells, also referred to as Műller glial cells, are a type of radial glial cell found specifically within the retina, the light-sensitive tissue lining the back interior surface of the eye. They derive their name from Heinrich Müller, who first described these cells in the mid-nineteenth century. These support cells contribute to maintaining the homeostasis and structural integrity of the retina. Mueller cells span the entire thickness of the retina, thus representing the only cell type that traverses all layers. Mueller cells play a crucial role in maintaining the metabolic environment of retinal neurons and participating in the visual signal transduction. They have a unique organization and possess a wide range of processes, giving them direct contact with virtually every type of cell in the retina—including photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells. These cells actively uptake and recycle neurotransmitters, modulate chemical levels within the extracellular space, and are involved in potassium siphoning, thus supporting neuronal signaling. Due to these functions, they play a vital role in maintaining the physiological and functional stability of the retina. Moreover, Mueller cells are also responsible for maintaining the structural integrity of the retina. They serve as the retinal framework by providing structural support to neurons and blood vessels. They contribute to the formation and maintenance of the inner limiting membrane, comprising their end-feet at the vitreous surface. Additionally, they play an essential role during injury or disease, exhibiting reactive gliosis – a process where these cells undergo morphological and functional changes to aid in repair and protection from further damage. While their protective role is important, it's also worth noting that overactivation of Mueller cells may result in retinal scarring or degeneration, reinforcing their complex and delicate role in retinal health and disease. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.) radial glial cell retinal cell Homo sapiens retina