capable of microglial cell mature microglial cell mature microglia Mature microglia are reportedly CCR2-positive, CD4-positive, CD9-positive, CD11a-positive, CD11b-positive, CD11c-positive, CD13-positive, CD16-positive, CDw17-positive, CD18-positive, CD21-positive, CD26-negative, CD32-positive, CD35-positive, CD36-positive, CD40-positive, CD44-positive, CD45-positive, CD53-positive, CD54-positive, CD56-negative, CD58-positive, CD63-positive, CD64-positive, CD66-positive, CD80-positive, CD86-positive, CD87-positive, CD92-positive, CD106-positive, CD107a-positive, CD147-positive, CD155-positive, CD162-positive, CD163-positive, CD171-negative, CD200R-positive, CXCR3-positive, CX3CR1-positive, fibronectin-positive, GD3-positive, GLUT1-positive, GLUT3-negative, GLUT5-positive, MHCI-positive, MHCII-positive, P2X4-positive, RFD7-negative, RGS5-negative, alpha-SMA-negative, vimentin-positive, and vwf-negative. Mature microglia are capable of producing BDNF, CCL3, CCL5, CCL7, CCL8, CCL9, CCL19, CCL20,CD40L, CSF, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL4, CXCL5, CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10, glutamate, IL-1beta, IL-1ra, IL-3, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, LT, MMP-2, MMP-9, NGF, nitric oxide, ROS, TGF-beta, TNF-alpha. reactive microglia activated microglia https://cellxgene.cziscience.com/cellguide/CL_0002629 A mature microglial cell that has changed shape to an amoeboid morphology and is capable of cytokine production and antigen presentation. Mature microglial cells represented one of the macrophage populations within the central nervous system (CNS). Microglial cells serve as the primary immune defense mechanism within the CNS, playing active roles in maintaining brain homeostasis and responding to pathological processes. In response to pathogens and injuries, microglial cells mature and change their morphology from a ramified shape with small processes (normal state) to an amoeboid shape (mature state). Mature microglial cells possess multiple functional abilities, thereby enabling them to execute diverse roles in order to maintain the health of surrounding neural cells. They act to clear away cellular debris, dead neurons, or plaque formations through the process of phagocytosis. They are also continuously scanning their environment and are able to detect subtle changes in the neural landscape caused by injury, disease, or infection. Upon detection of such changes, these cells become activated and present antigens and secrete cytokines and chemokines to initiate an inflammation response, which sustains the brain’s defense against injurious agents. Their role is not solely destructive or defensive: mature microglial cells also contribute to neurodevelopment by guiding the formation of neural circuits, synaptogenesis, and remodeling. Furthermore, they assist in managing synaptic plasticity, a key process in learning and memory functions. While the dysregulation of microglial cells has been implicated in various neurodegenerative diseases, they are also regarded as potential therapeutic targets for such conditions, given their crucial roles in maintaining CNS health. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.) cytokine production respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response nitric oxide production involved in inflammatory response phagocytosis antigen processing and presentation