synapsed to motor neuron visceromotor neuron Note that these neurons do not synapse directly onto muscles Visceromotor neurons, also known as autonomic motor neurons, are an integral component of the body's autonomic nervous system, which controls and regulates internal body processes such as digestion, circulation, and respiration, autonomously from conscious control. These neurons regulate the motor functions of internal organs and glands, and serve as the effector neurons of the autonomic nervous system, conveying the signals from the central nervous system to execute actions.Visceromotor neurons are predominantly subdivided into two main functionally distinct categories: sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons. Sympathetic visceromotor neurons tend to stimulate action, conserving energy for times of impending threat or when increased alertness is required. These neurons often act to increase heart rate, expand air passages allowing for greater oxygen flow to the muscles and brain, slow digestion, and produce a surge of glucose (sugar) in the bloodstream to cater to the energy demands during periods of heightened activity or stress. Parasympathetic visceromotor neurons typically take effect during periods of calm, and are responsible for what's often termed as "rest and digest" activities. They govern a variety of activities collectively aimed at restoring and conserving bodily energy. Parasympathetic visceromotor neurons act to conserve energy by slowing the heart rate, increasing intestinal and gland activity, and relaxing sphincter muscles in the gastrointestinal tract. The complementary functions of these two types of visceromotor neurons enable the body to maintain an overall balance, or homeostasis, responding appropriately under different conditions and demands. Without the dynamic and essential functioning of visceromotor neurons, the body would lose its capability to autonomously regulate essential processes, thereby exposing it to potentially harmful internal conditions. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.) A motor neuron that synapses to parasympathetic neurons that innervate tear glands, sweat glands, and the smooth muscles and glands of the pulmonary, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal systems. https://cellxgene.cziscience.com/cellguide/CL_0005025 ZFA:0005732 general visceral motor neuron parasympathetic neuron