liver 肝 AAO:0010111 All vertebrates possess a liver (reference 1); Later in craniate evolution, an anterior gill arch was transformed into jaws, and many new types of feeding subsequently evolved.(...) A liver evolved that, among its many functions, stores considerable energy as glycogen or lipid (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] An exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes[GO]. An organ sometimes referred to as a liver is found associated with the digestive tract of the primitive chordate Amphioxus. However, this is an enzyme secreting gland, not a metabolic organ, and it is unclear how truly homologous it is to the vertebrate liver. The zebrafish liver differs from the mammalian liver in that the hepatocytes are not clearly organized in cords or lobules and the typical portal triads are not apparent. In addition, the zebrafish liver does not have Kuppfer cells. Furthermore, a clear distinction can be made between the male and female liver in the adult zebrafish. The female hepatocytes are very basophilic (Figure 15c) as a result of the production of vitellogenin (Van der Ven et al. 2003). BTO:0000759 CALOHA:TS-0564 EFO:0000887 EHDAA2:0000997 EHDAA:2197 EMAPA:16846 EV:0100089 FMA:7197 GAID:288 MA:0000358 MAT:0000097 MESH:D008099 MIAA:0000097 Only ZFA considers this part_of immune system - we weaken this to an overlaps relation, as in general it's only a subset of cells that have clear immune function. OpenCyc:Mx4rvVimppwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organ which secretes bile and participates in formation of certain blood proteins.[AAO] TAO:0000123 The liver is found in all vertebrates, and is typically the largest visceral organ. Its form varies considerably in different species, and is largely determined by the shape and arrangement of the surrounding organs. Nonetheless, in most species it is divided into right and left lobes; exceptions to this general rule include snakes, where the shape of the body necessitates a simple cigar-like form. The internal structure of the liver is broadly similar in all vertebrates. UBERON:0002107 UMLS:C0023884 VHOG:0000257 XAO:0000133 ZFA:0000123 galen:Liver hepatic iecur jecur relationship type change: differentiates_from endoderm (AAO:0000139) CHANGED TO: develops_from endoderm (UBERON:0000925)[AAO] secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes[GO]. uberon 关系类型变化:区分_于内胚层(AAO:0000139)变化为:发展_自内胚层(UBERON:0000925)[AAO] 分泌胆汁及在蛋白质、碳水化合物和脂肪代谢中的功能，合成参与血液凝固的物质，合成维生素A，解毒有毒物质，储存糖原，分解磨损的红细胞[GO]。 分泌胆汁并参与某些血液蛋白形成的器官。[AAO] 分泌胆汁并在蛋白质和碳水化合物和脂肪代谢中起作用的外分泌腺，合成血液凝结物质，合成维生素A，有毒物质解毒，储存糖原，分解破损的红细胞[GO]。 只有ZFA考虑免疫系统的这一部分--我们将其弱化为重叠关系,因为通常它只是具有明确免疫功能的细胞的子集。 所有脊椎动物都有肝脏(参考文献1); 后来在颅的进化过程中，前鳃弓转变为颌骨，许多新的摄食类型随后进化。(...) 在其许多功能中，肝脏以糖原或脂质的形式储存大量能量（参考文献2）。[well established][VHOG] 有时被称为肝脏的器官被发现与原始脊索文昌鱼的消化道有关。然而，这是一个酶分泌腺，而不是一个代谢器官，它是如何与脊椎动物的肝脏真正同源并不清楚的。斑马鱼肝脏与哺乳动物肝脏的不同之处在于肝细胞不清楚地组织在索或小叶中，并且典型的门脉三联管不明显。此外，斑马鱼肝脏没有枯否细胞。此外，可以对成年斑马鱼的雄性和雌性肝脏进行明确的区分。雌性肝细胞是非常嗜碱性的(图15c)，这是产生卵黄原蛋白的结果 (Van der Ven et al. 2003)。 肝(iecur) 肝(jecur) 肝脏 肝脏存在于所有脊椎动物中，通常是最大的内脏器官。它的形状在不同的物种中有很大的不同，并且很大程度上取决于周围器官的形状和排列。然而，在大多数物种中，它被分为右叶和左叶；这个一般规则的例外包括蛇，在蛇的身体形状需要一个简单的雪茄状的形式。所有脊椎动物的肝脏内部结构大体相似。 exocrine gland 外分泌腺 endoderm-derived structure 内胚层衍生结构 abdomen element 腹部元素 digestive gland 消化腺