is_specified_output_of physical interaction evidence electrophoretic mobility shift assay evidence ECO:0000096 Gel retardation assay EMSA: electrophoretic mobility shift assay EMSA is often used for assessing TF-binding with fluorophore labelling. Protein-nucleic acid complexes generally migrate at a slower rate than the corresponding non-bonded nucleic acid. eco CollecTF electrophoretic mobility shift assay A type of affinity evidence based on an electrophoretic mobility shift of macromolecules, where proteins, nucleic acids, or both, are combined and the resulting mixtures are electrophoresed under native conditions through polyacrylamide or agarose gel to detect interactions/complexes between proteins and/or nucleic acid. Each of the promoter-proximal regions of qrr2 - 4 was subjected to EMSA with the purified His-OpaR protein (Fig. 6b). The results showed that His-OpaR was able to bind to each of the three DNA fragments tested in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. MI:0413 electrophoretic mobility shift assay