descending neuron of the gnathal ganglion DNg34 obsolete octopaminergic VPM1 neuron 2012-10-08T04:42:58Z true Obsoleted due to equivalence with DNg34 (Sturner et al., 2025 - FlyBase:FBrf0262850). The neurotransmitter was assessed by immunostaining with an anti-octopamine (OA) antibody in cells labelled with tdc2-GAL4 (FBti0101786) and NP7088-GAL4 (FBti0037217) (Busch et al., 2009), or only using the tdc2-GAL4 (FBti0101786) (Certel et al., 2010, Busch and Tanimoto, 2010). fly_anatomy.ontology Octopaminergic neuron of the VM cluster of the adult brain, whose cell body is located at the anterior margin of the subesophageal zone midline, in the mandibular segment. Its main neurite projects along the ventral esophagus and innervates the ventromedial protocerebrum and subesophageal zone, forming varicose terminals. These arborizations are mirror-symmetric. The descending secondary neurite emerges from the ventrolateral esophagus laterally into the ipsilateral half of the gnathal ganglion and turns ventrally to descend through the cervical connective. It innervates the three ipsilateral thoracic neuromeres and the abdominal one (Busch et al., 2009, Certel et al., 2010, Busch and Tanimoto, 2010). FBbt:00110149 ventral paired median octopaminergic neuron 1