Thrombin activated PAR:G12/13 (active) Thrombin activated PAR:G12/13 (inactive) G12/13 activation by PAR PAR1, 3 and 4 have been shown to directly couple with G12/13 (Offermanns et al. 1994). G12 and G13 have overlapping but distinct signalling roles (Suzuki et al. 2009). Evidence from conditional knockout mice (KOs) suggests that G13 is the subtype responsible for platelet shape change and aggregation responses in response to low and intermediate concentrations of thrombin, thromboxane and collagen. Platelets from G12 KOs were indistinguishable from wild-type, while those from mice with disrupted G13 had impaired shape change and aggregation responses, failed to form stable thrombi ex vivo, and exhibited a large increase in tailbleeding times (Moers et al. 2003). Both subtypes of G12/13 are unnecessary for platelet shape change and aggregation at higher agonist concentrations. The alpha-subunits of G12 and 13 bind RhoGEFs (guanine nucleotide exchange factors, which activate small G proteins) providing a path to Rho-mediated cytoskeletal responses that are involved in shape change in platelets and permeability and migration in endothelial cells.<br> Pubmed14528298 Pubmed16102047 Pubmed19212140 Pubmed8290554 Reactome Database ID Release 43114552 Reactome, http://www.reactome.org ReactomeREACT_637