uridine 5'-diphosphate (cytosolic) <=> uridine 5'-diphosphate (nuclear) ITP + H2O => IMP + PPi dITP + H2O => dIMP + PPi XTP + H2O => XMP + PPi adenosine 5'-diphosphate (cytosolic) <=> adenosine 5'-diphosphate (nuclear) cytidine 5'-diphosphate (cytosolic) <=> cytidine 5'-diphosphate (nuclear) guanosine 5'-diphosphate (cytosolic) <=> guanosine 5'-diphosphate (nuclear) PathwayStep2242 PathwayStep2314 PathwayStep2313 PathwayStep2312 PathwayStep2311 PathwayStep2309 PathwayStep2308 PathwayStep2307 PathwayStep2310 PathwayStep2327 PathwayStep2280 Synthesis and interconversion of nucleotide di- and triphosphates Phosphate bond hydrolysis by NUDT proteins Pyrimidine metabolism Purine metabolism Nucleotide metabolism Authored: Jassal, B, 2003-06-26 04:06:16 Edited: D'Eustachio, P, Gillespie, ME, Joshi-Tope, G, 0000-00-00 00:00:00 GENE ONTOLOGYGO:0055086 Metabolism of nucleotides Nucleotides and their derivatives are used for short-term energy storage (ATP, GTP), for intra- and extra-cellular signaling (cAMP; adenosine), as enzyme cofactors (NAD, FAD), and for the synthesis of DNA and RNA. Most dietary nucleotides are consumed by gut flora; the human body's own supply of these molecules is synthesized de novo. Additional metabolic pathways allow the interconversion of nucleotides, the salvage and reutilization of nucleotides released by degradation of DNA and RNA, and the catabolism of excess nucleotides (Rudolph 1994). These pathways are regulated to control the total size of the intracellular nucleotide pool, to balance the relative amounts of individual nucleotides, and to couple the synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides to the onset of DNA replication (S phase of the cell cycle).<P>These pathways are also of major clinical interest as they are the means by which nucleotide analogues used as anti-viral and anti-tumor drugs are taken up by cells, activated, and catabolized (Weilin and Nordlund 2010). As well, differences in nuclotide metabolic pathways between humans and aplicomplexan parasites like Plasmodium have been exploited to design drugs to attack the latter (Hyde 2007).<p>The movement of nucleotides and purine and pyrimidine bases across lipid bilayer membranes, mediated by SLC transporters, is annotated as part of the module "transmembrane transport of small molecules". Pubmed17266529 Pubmed20494131 Pubmed8283301 Reactome Database ID Release 4315869 Reactome, http://www.reactome.org ReactomeREACT_1698 Reviewed: Graves, L, Rush, MG, 0000-00-00 00:00:00