Activin Response Element p-2S-SMAD2/3:SMAD4 SMAD2/3:SMAD4:FOXH1:Activin Response Element Phospho R-SMAD(SMAD2/3):CO-SMAD(SMAD4):FOXH1 Binds Activin Response Element Authored: May, B, 2011-02-13 Edited: May, B, 2011-02-13 Pubmed10473623 Pubmed10822381 Pubmed8878477 Pubmed9288972 Pubmed9702198 Reactome Database ID Release 431225919 Reactome, http://www.reactome.org ReactomeREACT_111132 Reviewed: Chen, Ye-Guang, 2012-11-14 Reviewed: Peng, C, 2011-08-24 SMAD2 and SMAD3 do not bind DNA efficiently. They must interact with DNA-binding proteins to activate transcription. FOXH1 interacts with phospho-SMAD2 and phospho-SMAD3 complexed with CO-SMAD (SMAD4) at promoters containing the Activin Response Element (Zhou et al. 1998, Yanagisawa et al. 2000, inferred from Xenopus in Chen et al. 1996, Chen et al. 1997, Yeo et al. 1999). Follicle-stimulating hormone beta subunit (FSHB) and the Lim1 homeobox gene (LXH1) are examples of genes regulated by Activin.