PathwayStep5737 PathwayStep5752 PathwayStep5744 PathwayStep5787 PathwayStep5777 PathwayStep5784 PathwayStep5764 Olfactory Signaling Pathway G alpha (q) signalling events G alpha (z) signalling events G-protein beta:gamma signalling G alpha (12/13) signalling events GPCR downstream signaling Authored: Jupe, S, 2009-03-26 09:39:59 Edited: Jupe, S, 2009-09-10 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are classically defined as the receptor, G-protein and downstream effectors, the alpha subunit of the G-protein being the primary signaling molecule. However, it has become clear that this greatly oversimplifies the complexities of GPCR signaling (see Gurevich & Gurevich, 2008). The beta:gamma G-protein dimer is also involved in downstream signaling (Smrcka, 2008), and some receptors form part of metastable complexes of receptor and accessory proteins such as the arrestins. GPCRs are involved in many diverse signaling events (Kristiansen 2004), using a variety of pathways that include modulation of adenylyl cyclase, phospholipase C, the mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs), extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) c-Jun-NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 MAPK. Pubmed12040175 Pubmed13679574 Pubmed15251227 Pubmed18240029 Pubmed18488142 Pubmed18515421 Pubmed19935667 Reactome Database ID Release 43388396 Reactome, http://www.reactome.org ReactomeREACT_19184 Reviewed: Akkerman, JW, 2009-06-03 G alpha (i) signalling events G alpha (s) signalling events