PathwayStep5729 PathwayStep5830 PathwayStep5822 PathwayStep5788 Gastrin-CREB signalling pathway via PKC and MAPK Opioid Signalling GPCR downstream signaling Signaling by GPCR Authored: Jassal, B, 2008-07-02 14:14:59 Edited: D'Eustachio, P, 2008-09-01 11:58:31 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs; 7TM receptors; seven transmembrane domain receptors; heptahelical receptors; G protein-linked receptors [GPLR]) are the largest family of transmembrane receptors in humans, accounting for more than 1% of the protein-coding capacity of the human genome. All known GPCRs share a common architecture of seven membrane-spanning helices connected by intra- and extracellular loops. The extracellular loops contain two highly-conserved cysteine residues that form disulphide bonds to stabilize the structure of the receptor. They recognize diverse messengers such as light, odorants, small molecules, hormones and neurotransmitters. Most GPCRs act as guanine nucleotide exchange factors; activated by ligand binding, they promote GDP-GTP exchange on associated heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding (G) proteins. There are two models for GPCR-G Protein interactions: 1) ligand-GPCR binding first, then binding to G Proteins; 2) "Pre-coupling" of GPCRs and G Proteins before ligand binding (review Oldham WM and Hamm HE, 2008). These in turn activate effector enzymes or ion channels. GPCRs are involved in a range of physiological roles which include the visual sense, smell, behavioural regulation, functions of the autonomic nervous system and regulation of the immune system and inflammation.<br>GPCRs are divided into 6 classes based on sequence homology and functional similarity; the main mammalian families are classes A/1-C/3;<br><br>Class A/1 (Rhodopsin-like)<br>Class B/2 (Secretin receptor family)<br>Class C/3 (Metabotropic glutamate/pheromones)<br>Class D/4 (fungal mating pheromone receptors)<br>Class E/5 (cAMP receptors)<br>Class F/6 (Frizzled/Smoothened)<br><br>Here, those Class A/1 (Rhodopsin-like) receptors that bind peptide ligands have been annotated. The binding events mediated by other classes of receptors, as well as the downstream events triggered by receptor-ligand interactions will be annotated in future releases of Reactome. Pubmed10202136 Pubmed16902930 Pubmed18043707 Reactome Database ID Release 43372790 Reactome, http://www.reactome.org ReactomeREACT_14797 Reviewed: Bockaert, J, 2008-09-01 12:04:13 GPCR ligand binding