has characteristic uses deterministic system behaviour ordinary differential equation problem Bulirsch-Stoer algorithm 2011-07-01 http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1007/BF02165234 AZ GBS Gragg-Bulirsch-Stoer algorithm The Bulirsch-Stoer method is an adaptive method which uses Gragg's modified midpoint method [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000382] to estimate the solution of an initial value problem for various step sizes. The estimates are fit to a "diagonal" rational function or a polynomial as a function of the step size and the limit as the step size tends to zero is taken as the final estimate. Richardson extrapolation based method modified midpoint method