predicts effect of The incidence of squamous cell differentiation (indicated, for example, by keratinization) in non-small cell lung cancer patients predicts_effect_of the drug pemetrexed, where the prediction is that such patients will have a poor outcome with use of the drug. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5809-9523 A relationship between a biomarker 'b' and an exposure agent 'e', where 'b' is used to identify individuals who are likely to experience a favorable or unfavorable effect from exposure to 'e'. Clarification: An 'exposure agent' can be either a medical product or some substance (e.g., pesticide) , physical factor (e.g., radiation), or organism (e.g., virus) that originates from the environment. In the context of predictive biomarkers, 'e' is typically a medical product such as a drug. Usage note: The relations 'indicates risk of developing' (RO:0020333), 'prognostic for' (RO:0020331), and 'predicts effect of' (this relation) are each used to relate biomarkers to possible future clinical outcomes: - 'indicates risk of developing' pertains to cases where the biomarker indicates a potential clinical issue in a patient that does not currently exhibit the issue; - 'prognostic for' is used for cases where the biomarker indicates the likelihood of a specified clinical event (including disease recurrence or progression) in a patient that has or had the clinical issue of interest; - 'predicts effect of' is used to indicate the likely outcome of an intervention/treatment. Basis: This relation is based on the 'BEST' classification of and definition for 'biomarker', as given by the FDA-NIH Biomarker Working Group: A defined characteristic that is measured as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or biological responses to an exposure or intervention, including therapeutic interventions. The BEST classification includes diagnostic, prognostic, susceptibility/risk, monitoring, predictive, safety, and pharmacodynamic/response biomarkers. See PMID:29405771 for details. Note that any given biomarker can be of a different type in different contexts. indicates clinical effect of Darren A. Natale