has part has_specified_input has_specified_output achieves_planned_objective statistical test hypothesis data transformation multiple testing correction method false positive rate normal distribution upper confidence limit outlier detection testing objective generalized extreme studentized deviate test ESD test for outliers Philippe Rocca-Serra Rosner, Bernard (May 1983), Percentage Points for a Generalized ESD Many-Outlier Procedure,Technometrics, 25(2), pp. 165-172. STATO The Extreme Studentized Deviate Test is a statistical test used to detect outliers in a univariate data set assumed to come from a normally distributed population. The ESD Test differs from the Grubbs' test and the Tietjen-Moore test in the sense that it contains built-in correction for multiple testing. adapted from NIST: http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/eda/section3/eda35h3.htm last accessed: 2016-11-19 generalized ESD test for outliers rgrubbs.test(x, alpha = 0.05) from: http://finzi.psych.upenn.edu/library/OutlierDM/html/rgrubbs.test.html p-value ready for release