diagnosed using tool treated with diagnosed using measurement in guideline Nephropathy Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Nephrotic Syndrome Nephrotic syndrome related to sickle cell disease typically occurs in adulthood and preceded by lesser degree of proteinuria, other forms may occur at any age with different histologic lesions occurring at different ages. Nephrotic syndrome is a collection of findings resulting from glomerular dysfunction with an increase in glomerular capillary wall permeability associated with pronounced proteinuria >3.5 g per 24 hours (in children, >40 mg/m2/hr or PCR >2000 mg/g [>200 mg/mmol] or >300 mg/dl or 3+ on urine dipstick) plus hypoalbuminemia (<3gm/dl) and edema. Variety of causes - in sickle cell disease, most common lesion is focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Other causes may be other forms of primary glomerular disease including membranous nephropathy, minimmal change disease, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Secondary forms may result from diabetes, amyloidosis. HP:0000100 Nephrosis Suggest update to description in the HPO Suggest update to description Heavy proteinuria, edema, hyperlipidemia. May also be associated with hypertension and increased risk of venous thrombosis. Urinary Albumin Test Urinary Creatinine Test Urinary Protein Measurement Urine Albumin Excretion Rate Urine Albumin-Creatinine Ratio Treatment of Precipitating Factors Sickle Cell Disease: The Clinical Care Guidelines of the Sickle Cell Unit Consensus Statement on the Care of Patients with Sickle Cell Disease in Canada Evidence-Based Management of Sickle Cell Disease