treated with diagnosed using measurement in guideline Serum Creatinine Level Abnormal Urine Homeostasis Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Proteinuria In sickle cell disease, overt proteinuria (distinguised from albuminuria) may be noted in childhood although less common (4.5% in ages 2-21 [Wigfall 2000] v. 26% in adults [Guasch 2006]). Elevated amounts of protein in the urine - typically greater than 300mg in 24 hrs. Screening Recommendations: Screen all individuals with SCD, beginning by age 10, for proteinuria. If the result is negative, repeat screening annually. If the result is positive, perform a first morning void urine albumin-creatinine ratio and if abnormal, consult with or refer to a renal specialist. Caused by a variety of kidney diseases, including sickle cell disease, diabetes, glomerular disease, arteriosclerosis. HP:0000093 At most severe form - lead to nephrotic syndrome. Suggest update to description in HPO. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000093 Increased amounts of any protein (including albumin) in the urine - typically more than 300mg in a 24hr period. Suggest update to description High Urine Protein Levels Urinary Protein Measurement Urine Albumin Concentration Urine Albumin Excretion Rate Urine Albumin-Creatinine Ratio Treatment of Precipitating Factors Recommendations for the Management of Sickle Cell Disease in South Africa National Guideline for the Control and Management of Sickle Cell Disease Management of Sickle Cell Disease - The United Republic of Tanzania Standards for Clinical Care of Adults with Sickle Cell Disease in the UK Sickle Cell Disease: The Clinical Care Guidelines of the Sickle Cell Unit Consensus Statement on the Care of Patients with Sickle Cell Disease in Canada Evidence-Based Management of Sickle Cell Disease Management of Children with Sickle Cell Disease in Europe: Current Situation and Future Perspectives