is about is_specified_output_of quantitative confidence value statistical test hypothesis null hypothesis p-value A hypothesis testing measure that represents the probability of obtaining a result at least as far from the value actually obtained as the value expected, assuming the null hypothesis is true. P value P-value PValue SEVCO group Within the frequentist framework, a p-value is typically a p-value for two-sided test and the criterion for rejecting the null hypothesis is typically expressed as a p-value that is less than an alpha setting divided by 2. In some cases, the p-value is a p-value for one-sided test, and the criterion for rejecting the null hypothesis is typically expressed as a p-value that is less than an alpha setting. A p-value is preferably coded more precisely as a p-value for two-sided test or a p-value for one-sided test rather than using the code for p-value without specification. The code for p-value (without specification) may be used in contexts where the p-value reported is ambiguous. Within the Bayesian framework, use the posterior predictive p-value. p value