betaine biosynthesis PMID:11330717 trimethylaminoacetate biosynthesis GO:0031456 Biosynthesis of glycine betaine (N,N,N-trimethylglycine), an important osmoprotectant. Glycine betaine is synthesized in response to abiotic stresses. Although almost all known biosynthetic pathways of betaine are oxidation of choline, an alternative pathway converts glycine to betaine through glycine methylation. N,N,N-trimethylglycine biosynthesis glycine betaine biosynthesis UPa:UPA00264 pathway amine and polyamine biosynthesis