is_manufactured_by immunizes against disease immunizes against pathogen malaria Plasmodium Plasmodium falciparum vaccine PfSPZ-GA1 vaccine Oliver He https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26469720 Sanaria(R) PfSPZ-GA1 consists of purified, aseptic, cryopreserved Pf sporozoites (NF54 strain) genetically attenuated by removal of the b9 and slarp genes to halt development in the early liver stages. vaccine PfSPZ-GA1 The parasite line was generated by the Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC) and RUMC in collaboration with Sanaria. Plasmodium falciparum with deletion b9 and slarp parasites invade hepatocytes but are incapable of sustaining liver stage development, similar to radiation-attenuated PfSPZ. The potential advantages of PfSPZ-GA1 are that (1) the PfSPZ are homogenous and have a precisely characterized genetic basis for attenuation; (2) manufacturing PfSPZ-GA1 cannot result in accidental exposure of staff to infectious parasites, thereby simplifying the approach to safety of operators and lowering costs. PfSPZ-GA1 also has the potential to induce more efficient protection than the radiation-attenuated PfSPZ Vaccine due to a different pattern of developmental arrest and antigen expression. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5077156/ Randi Vita Sanaria Inc., Rockville, MD