has function has role immunizes against disease immunizes recipient melanoma Homo sapiens melanoma vaccine subunit vaccine therapeutic vaccine function subunit vaccine role vaccine in clinical trial role therapeutic cancer vaccine personalized neoantigen melanoma vaccine PMID:33479501 6375 Jie Zheng VIOLIN: https://violinet.org/vaxquery/vaccine_detail.php?c_vaccine_id=6375 cancer vaccine NCT: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01970358 A cancer vaccine for melanoma. Melanomas have mutations (changes in genetic material) that are specific to an individual patient and tumor. These mutations can cause the tumor cells to produce proteins that appear very different from the body's own cells. These proteins used in a vaccine may induce strong immune responses, which may help the participant's body fight any tumor cells that could cause the melanoma to come back in the future. NeoVax is a long-peptide vaccine targeting up to 20 personal neoantigens per patient for patients with surgically resected stage IIIB/C or IVM1a/b melanoma. There was long-term persistence of neoantigen-specific T cell responses following vaccination, with ex vivo detection of neoantigen-specific T cells exhibiting a memory phenotype, as well as diversification of neoantigen-specific T cell clones over time, with emergence of multiple T cell receptor clonotypes exhibiting distinct functional avidities. There was also tumor infiltration by neoantigen-specific T cell clones after vaccination and epitope spreading, suggesting on-target vaccine-induced tumor cell killing. Personal neoantigen peptide vaccines thus induce T cell responses that persist over years and broaden the spectrum of tumor-specific cytotoxicity in patients with melanoma. Hayleigh Kahn